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CENSOLCentaurea solstitialisLeucantha solstitialisyellow star-thistleyellow starthistleSt. Barnaby's thistleyellow star thistle~gS>>>&  CYTSCOCytisus scopariusScotch broomPortuguese broomEnglish broomscotchbroom]PA/!!!!  BRASYLBrachypodium sylvaticumfalse bromeslender false bromeIII4'''' CHOJUNChondrilla juncearush skeletonweedhogbitenakedweedskeletonweedVH=4!!!!  BROTECBromus tectorumAnisantha tectorumcheatgrassdowny bromeearly chessYYL?333 _ ! > } m  tqy 4ZYGFABZygophyllum fabagoSyrian beancaperSyrian bean-caperGGG4"""" 3CARACACarduus acanthoidesspiny plumeless thistleplumeless thistlespiny plumeless-thistlehhO<####  2CONMACConium maculatumpoison hemlockdeadly hemlockpoison parsleypoison-hemlock`P@0   1MYRSPIMyriophyllum spicatumEurasian watermilfoilspiked water milfoilspike watermilfoilEurasian water-milfoil~fR<%%%%  0TRITERTribulus terrestrispuncturevineMexican sandburcaltropbullheadUKB1####  /TANVULTanacetum vulgareChrysanthemum uliginosumChrysanthemum vulgarecommon tansygarden tansytansyuun`RR;!  -CRUVULCrupina vulgarisCentaurea crupinacommon crupinabearded creeperTTTC333  ,CARPUBCardaria pubescensHymenophysa pubescensglobe-podded hoary cresshairy whitetopcccS999" +SONARVSonchus arvensisSonchus uliginosusfield sowthistleperennial sowthistlecreeping sowthistlemarsh sowthistleq\F444   *ISATINIsatis tinctoriadyer's woaddyers woad999-  )HIEFLOHieracium floribundum [caespitosum lactucella]Hieracium floribundummeadow hawkweedyellow hawkweedyellow devil hawkweedziXXXA  (HIECAEHieracium caespitosumHieracium pratensemeadow hawkweedyellow hawkweed[[[J999% 'HIEAURHieracium aurantiacumorange hawkweed6666%%%% G &ANCARVAnchusa arvensissmall buglossannual buglossbuglossHH?/   %ONOACAOnopordum acanthiumScotch thistleScotch cottonthistlecotton thistleheraldic thistlekYI3####  $BROINEBromus inermissmooth bromeHungarian bromegrassawnless bromeAustrian bromeaQB,  #DIPFULDipsacus fullonumDipsacus sylvestrisFuller's teaselcommon teaselteasel^^VG666!  "SORHALSorghum halepenseHolcus halepensisSorghum miliaceumJohnsongrassaleppo milletgrassjohnsongrasswwiUGG4!  !TAMSPPTamarix spp.Tamarix chinensisTamarix gallicaTamarix parviflora; Tamarix ramosissimatamarisksaltcedarFrench tamarisksmall-flowered tamarisk~si@/  TAECAPTaeniatherum caput-medusaeElymus caput-medusaeTaeniatherum asperumTaeniatherum crinitummedusaheadmedusahead ryeymV@* U  @ @ @ @ @ @           !"#$%&'() * + , - /01234U  @ @ @ @ @ @           !"#$%&'() * + , - /01234  @ @ @ @ @ @ JLomWQJMiiQfJQUMv^JbMJiqJbMdSS Jbmkv^ LiJkv^LidYbQLidmQMLoOOJq MJiJMJMJiOiJ MJibomMJifoL MQbMJ^MQbOYSMQbkd^MQbkmdMWd[obMYiJiqMdbJiqMdb`JMMioqo^ MvbdSSMvmkMdOJoMJiOYfSo^Q^viQf QofQkoWQi`JbWYQJoiWYQMJQWYQS^d WvffQiYkJmYb ^Qf^Jm^YbOJ^^Ybqo^^vmkJ^`vikfYdbdJMJfdmiQMioLJi`kQb[JMkdbJiq kdiWJ^mJQMJfmJ`kffmJbqo^miYmQixvUSJLLVALBSpecies.SPPCODE=Seedsproduced.SPPCODEBiological.ScienceName=RicePlants.Genus+" "+RicePlants.SpecieB.ScienceName=R.Genus+" "+R.Specie ;Y3NN3!3333Y  Y d Y Pd Y d OBJIDSPPCODE valuecitationPdPdPdPPdPdPdPPdPdP dPYYY LifeformcitationPrimaryKeySPPCODEv1@ Q3Ma y * f * c R $ B  {? MW%a%O NZYGFABPerennial subshrub/forb/herb523, 18:,MCARACABiennial forb/herb518, 520, 18:"LCONMACBiennial forb/herb514, 516, 517, 18D"KMYRSPIAquatic perennial forb/herb324, 189+JTRITERAnnual forb/herb506, 507, 188 ITANVULPerennial forb/herb503, 181#HCRUVULAnnual forb/herb498, 18. GCARPUBPerennial forb/herb342, 181#EISATINBiennial/perennial forb/herb487, 488, 18D,DHIEFLOPerennial forb/herb18'#CHIEAURPerennial forb/herb483, 181#BHIECAEPerennial forb/herb483, 181#AANCARVAnnual forb/herb472, 18. @ANCOFFBiennial/perennial forb/herb472, 18:,?ONOACABiennial forb/herb470, 180">ABUTHEannual forb/herb441, 18. ;CENCALAnnual/biennial/perennial forb/herb394, 18A39LINVULPerennial forb/herb18'#7BROINEPerennial graminoid349, 181#6DIPFULBiennial forb/herb313, 405, 18:"3SORHALPerennial graminoid281, 288, 18;#2POTRECPerennial forb/herb276, 181#1ACRREPPerennial forb/herb269, 273, 18;#/BRASYLPerennial graminoid18'#.CIRARVPerennial forb/herb144, 181#*CYTSCOPerennial shrub18#)BUDDAVPerennial shrub18#(RUBARMPerennial subshrub18&"'BROTECAnnual graminoid194, 18. %DAUCARBiennial forb/herb18&"#TAMSPPPerennial tree/shrub18($"TAECAPAnnual graminoid333, 337, 188 !SONARVPerennial forb/herb18'# SENJACPerennial forb/herb18'#EUPESUPernnial forb/herb18&"LINDALPerennial forb/herb18'#LEPLATPerennial forb/herb446, 181#CHOJUNPerennial forb/herb18'#ELYREPPernnial graminoid161, 180" CENSOLAnnual forb/herb243, 253, 254, 263, 18L  CARNUTBiennial/perennial forb/herb275, 455, 18D, CARDRAPerennial forb/herb18'# CENDIFAnnual/perennial forb/herb18.*CENSTOBiennial/perennial forb/herb180,ANTSYLAnnual/biennial forb/herb479, 187)HERMANPerennial forb/herb423, 181#AEGCYLAnnual graminoid433, 18. LYTSALPerennial subshrub forb/herb180,HYPPERPerennial forb/herb318, 181#CONARVPerennial vine forb/herb359, 186(CYNOFFBiennial (or short-lived perennial) forb/herb28, 180, 411, 413, 18g=\ @ @ @ @@    @8>>8F8B88F 8F8F8F8F 8F 8F8F8F8F8F8F8F8F8F8F8F!8F)8H>8F:><:@<:@>:B<8F :BH:D<8F:D@>@@8F :DB8F:F8F6>88>8<8F:F8:FF8F<8<>6@8F<8F8F<:>8F/<<<<:8F+<>H8F <@H8F8F">:<8F><<8F>>88F#>>B8F>D68F$>D:8F%>D:8F&>DH8F>F<8F'>F<8F(>FD>FF8F*>HF8F,@6<8F-@6B@6D8F.@8>@8B@8D8F0@8F@:68F1@:<8F2U  @ @ @ @ @ @          !"#%'()*./12367 9!;">#?$@%A&B'C(D)E*G+H,I-J.K/L0M1N2  @ @ @ @ @ @ JLomWQ#JMiiQfJQUMv^JbMJiq&JbMdSS%Jbmkv^LiJkv^LidYbQ LidmQMLoOOJqMJiJMJ1MJiOiJ MJibom MJifoL+MQbMJ^"MQbOYSMQbkd^ MQbkmdMWd[ob MYiJiqMdbJiqMdb`JM0Mioqo^,MvbdSSMvmkMdOJoMJiOYfSo^Q^viQf QofQkoWQi`JbWYQJoi(WYQMJQ'WYQS^d)WvffQiYkJmYb*^Qf^Jm^YbOJ^^Ybqo^!^vmkJ^`vikfY/dbdJMJ$fdmiQMioLJi`kQb[JMkdbJiqkdiWJ^mJQMJfmJ`kffmJbqo^-miYmQi.xvUSJL2AY9N""7979Y  Y d Y  Y 0d OBJID SPPCD OriginCitation P P "%P  P P "&P YY OBJIDPrimaryKeyv1@ 1!Uk y * E - )UL}YLYTSALMost prevalent in central and southern Europe, north to Norway and Sweden. Also native to Asia (Siberia, coastal Russia, Korea, China, Japan, Himalayas, western Asia) and northern Africa. Habitat: Moist and wet habitats and low-lying coastal areas390, 347, 390, 392SDAUCAREurasia387, 348!NCYNOFFMountains of western Asia and eastern Europe. Rare in the Mediterranean. Habitat: dunes.180, 413rhKBROINEWestern Europe and northern Asia. Habitat: Temperate349, 345, 350SDHRUBARMWestern Europe379#FCONARVEurope and Asia343, 355, 358.>LINVULSteppes of southeastern Europe and southwestern Asia. Habitat: Banks, hedges, waste places, and roadsides341, 417, 419y<LINDALMediterranean region, from Yugoslavia to Iran. Dalmatian coast of fomer Yugoslavia; NE to Transylvania and Moldavia in northern Romania; SE around Black Sea to northern Syria, northern Iraq, and northern Iran.341, 415:LEPLATWestern Asia and southeastern Europe. Habitat: Fresh, brackish, and saltwater wetlands, agricultural fields, waste places, and rocky slopes.340, 445, 446, 3409CARDRACentral Europe and western Asia, centering on Turkey, Georgia, Syria, Iraq, Iran, and Armenia.449, 453xn5TAMSPPWestern Europe and Mediterranean to North Africa; northern China, India, and Japan (depends on spp.) Habitat: Typically found in dry saline habitats in subtropical and temperate zones.339, 3970TAECAPMediterranean region of Eurasia: Hungary through Eukraine to Tadzhikistan.332, 333, 335iZ,HYPPERSouthern Europe, North Africa, parts of Asia (West India, China, Japan)318, 326, 155fW)DIPFULEastern and southern Europe and western Russia402, 409H>&EUPESUEurasia: Spain, Italy, Germany to central Russia. Caucus region of Europe. Habitat: Riparian areas to dry hill slopes.372, 310, 373, 368$CIRARVEurope, Asia, and northern Africa: North to Scandanavia; East to Siberia, Japan, and eastern China; Southeast to Afganistan305 SORHALMediterranean region of Europe, Africa, and Asia Minor to India. Habitat: Agricultural areas.281, 288wmPOTRECEastern Mediterranean region of Eurasia and North Africa. Habitat: marine shorelines, pine-dominated forests, hillsides in grass or shrub-dominated communities, forest clearings and edges.276CARNUTWestern and central Europe and Asia455, 457, 460, 275G3ACRREPMongolia, western Turkestan, Iran, Turkish Armenia, Asia Minor269, 271, 273]NCENSOLEurasia: Balkan-Asia Minor; Middle East; south central Europe.254, 263XNCHOJUNSubmontane region around the Caspian Sea, western Europe and northern Africa to central Asia.218, 221wmCHOJUNTranscapian region of southern former USSR. Spread from there into Mediterranean and central Europe.203ytCHOJUNWestern Mediterranean region to central-south of the Baltic.214QLBROTECMediterranean region of Europe and northern Africa; southwestern Asia196, 185, 194dU CYNOFFEurope. Habitat: temperate regions.177, 413=3 CARDIFEurope177BRASYLNorth Africa; northern and Mediterranean Europe; western Asia. Habitat: woodlands170, 225, 228, 170, 22yaABUTHENorth Africa; Asia (China? India? Conflicting reports); Europe157, 437, 441]NCIRARVSoutheastern Europe and eastern Mediterranean region of Europe and North Africa138,123, 141, 297, 308w_CYTSCOMediterranean region of Europe and North Africa, north to Britain; Canary Islands to Scandanavia; east to Ukraine & Poland71, 31, 52, 231, 236!6  K s C  ' <  PtI CHOJUNMore junk333CHOJUNDummy entry222 ZYGFABSouthwest Asian: Syrian desert, Armenia, Caucus, northern Iraq, central Iran, and Turkey. Habitat: Waste areas, Dry grasslands, deserts, open rocky or gravelly soils.523, 526CARACAFrom the Mediterranean region of Europe, east to Siberia and the Caucus.520]XCONMACNorthern Africa516$CONMACEurasia514, 516!MYRSPIGreenland471MYRSPIEurope, Asia, and Northern Africa324, 471;1TRITERMediterranean region. Habiat: Cropland and pastures, dry waste areas, barn yards.506, 507kaTANVULEurope and Asia504$CRUVULMediterranean region of Europe. Dry bunchgrass grasslands and stony slopes.498, 249e[CARPUBSouthwestern Asia: Kazakstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, northern Iraq, and Afganistan.342, 449pfSONARVwestern Asia493, 496&SONARVEurope491, 493, 496%|ISATINSoutheastern Russia487, 490-#yHIEAURNorthern and central Europe. Habitat: Mountainous meadows and hillsides. Also common in pastures, abandoned fields, and meadows.483xHIECAENorthern, eastern, and central portions of Europe. Common in the foothills of the Alps. Habitat: Pastures, abandoned fields, and meadows.483sANTSYLEurasia479rANTSYLEurope, especially northern and central. Habitat: hedgerows and roadsides.482_ZnANCARVEurope. Habitat: Cultivated fields.47283lONOACAMediterranean region468)$gAEGCYLSouthern Europe and Russia429/*dBUDDAVCentral and southwestern China, from Tibet to Hubei. Habitat: disturbed sites and roadsides426, 427ukaHERMANMountainous regions of the Caucus and SW Asia. Western Caucus Mountains Habitat: Upper forest on southern slopes, meadows, clearings, forest margins, and stream banks in montane environments.423, 424, 421\CENCALMediterranean region of southern Europe and northern Africa.394, 454VL ! @ @ @ @ @ @ @#### # ##### # # # #  #$#&#)#,#0#5#9#:#<#>#F#H#K#N#S#Y#\$a$d$g$l$n$r$s$x$y$ |$ $ $ $ $$$$$$$$$$$$ ! @ @ @ @ @ @ @#### # ##### # # # #  #$#&#)#,#0#5#9#:#<#>#F#H#K#N#S#Y#\$a$d$g$l$n$r$s$x$y$ |$ $ $ $ $$$$$$$$$$$$%YN((Y  Y d Y d Y d OBJIDscientific_namecommon_namesynonym P P ()P  P P (*P YY OBJIDPrimaryKeyv1 ' '5 YP meadowstropN,,PPPPP.Y  Y d Y  Y d Y d Y d Y d Y d Y  d Y   d Y  d Y  d Y  d Y d Y  d Y d Y d Y Id OBJIDSPPCODEHabitatType a Cit 1aHabitat Type b Cit 1bHabitat Type c Cit 1cHabitat Type d Cit 1dHabitat Type e Cit 1eHabitat Type f Cit 1fHabitat Type g Cit 1gHabitat Type h Cit 1hd,1Id,2,3 YYY OBJIDPrimaryKeySPPCODEv1+  + !   P Z5POTRECMeadows and clearings in ponderosa pine forests475, 476Rangelands476ZZZZZZZZZZZZZUI??POTRECDisturbed areas276Mountain environments276Prairies276Roadsides276, 474Abandoned agricultural land276. 474Waste areas276Logged areas276Over-grazed areas276dZOJ@;$CARNUTAbandoned pastures455, 457Native grasslands455DDDDDDDDDDDDD?,"?CARNUTDisturbed sites275Waste areas275, 457Roadsides275, 455, 457Sagebrush communities275Pinyon-juniper communities275Fir-spruce zone forests275Grazed pastures455Old fields455, 457qlUF;1$ACRREPDisturbed grasslands and shrublands273riparian woodlands273Clearcuts273aaaaaaaaaaa\QL83ACRREPcultivated fields269; 273grain and alfalfa fields269; 271pastures269; 271; 273roadsides and railways269; 271; 273irrigation ditches and river banks269; 271; 273waste places269; 273rangelands271saline soils271hYOE+!CENSOLannual and perennial grasslands249, 253, 254; 263shrub steppe249; 263oak savannas and open woodlands249; 263pastures249; 263orchards249dry south-facing slopes253roadsides263|[QC/BRASYLRiparian forest228Upland hardwood and conifer forest228, 170, 22pasture228Upland prairies22Limestone scree170Sand dunes170yud_VH$?CHOJUNdisturbed sandy sites200, 214, 218Drought stressed land205River valleys202Waste areas202, 205, 218Abandoned fields202, 214qd_PK4%CHOJUNRangelands200, 209, 202, 205Semiarid pasture200, 209, 214, 218Cropland; cultivated fields200, 209, 202, 205, 214Roadsides and railroads200, 209, 218Residential property200qT@.BROTECWaste areas185, 194Clearings in ponderosa pine and Douglas-fir forest194, 196pinyon-juniper and brushlands196Roadsides197cY% BROTECabandoned farmland184, 190, 194, 185Eroded areas184, 194Overgrazed grassland190, 194, 185, 197Railroads190Wheat cropland190Shrub-steppe185, 194, 196Burned rangelands185Winter crops185xdND6" CYNOFFWaste areas180, 413Disturbed areas180Roadsides180, 411, 413Over-grazed land180Lake shores180Railways180Disturbed forest and woodland clearings180, 411, 413Wet grasslands411~ylgUF;6%SENJACWaste areas135, 176Fields135, 176Roadsides135, 176LLLLLLLLLLLB7-%BRASYLriparian areas170Forest edges170Limestone scree170Quarries170Sand dunes170lllllllg[VLG61#ABUTHEIrrigated agricultural fields434222222222222222-CIRARVRoadsides155Old fields155Cropland155Pasture155Riparian areas155Clearcuts155qqqqqla\LG>9/*?CYTSCORiver floodplains231Dry, open, sandy sites45Cultivated land45WWWWWWWWWWWSB>&!CYTSCOPasture45Scrubland45, 75, 233, 243Grassland45, 75, 233, 243Roadsides45, 75, 231, 233, 235, 236Dry riverbeds and riverbanks45, 75, 233Cut-over and burned land45, 75, 231, 233, 235, 236Forest openings and woodlands75, 233, 236, 45Dry montane and submontane regions23572|`UC8&!+W n : SALINDALPastures420?LINVULOpen or disturbed communities341Shrub-steppe420Fence lines420WWWWWWWWWWWRE@2->LINVULCultivated fields341, 420Roadsides341, 420Railways341Waste areas341Clearcuts341, 420Overgrazed pasture341, 420Rangeland341Riparian areas341vla\OJ@6+!=LINDALOpen or disturbed communities341Shrub steppe341, 420Sagebrush341Bunchgrass communities341Ponderosa pine forest341Low elevation conifer forest and shrub steppe420Fence lines420Clearcuts420wrZUJ@2-<LINDALCultivated fields341, 420Roadsides341, 420Railways341Riparian areas341Waste areas341Clearcuts341Overgrazed pasture341Rangeland341vqd_OJ@6+!8LEPLATDry barrow pits340Irrigation ditches445, 446, 447Agricultural fields445, 448Floodplains446, 447Alfalfa fields446, 447Grain fields449}sf\G8$?7LEPLATRiparian areas340, 445, 446, 447Wetlands and marshes340, 445, 446, 447, 448Coastal areas and beaches340, 446, 447Grasslands340Roadsides340, 446, 447, 449Rangelands340, 446, 447Sagebrush340Hay meadows340, 445, 446, 447, 448, 449|aH22TAMSPPRiparian areas of the southwestern US339, 397, 401Sand dunes339Roadsides339Wetlands297Reservoirs401toe`UPD51TAECAPRangelands333, 338Fields and grasslands338Disturbed sagebrush slopes338Woodlands338qqqqqqqqqla\@;$+HYPPEROak woodlands155Ditches155Abandoned agricultural land155RRRRRRRRRRRM0+"*HYPPERRangelands318, 321Roadsides318, 321, 155Thinned or logged forest; forest clearings318, 321, 155Waste places321, 318Poorly managed pasture321Orchards318Conifer plantations318Grasslands155yj>/$)DIPFULabandoned crop or hay fields313, 314, 409Roadsides313, 409Irrigation ditches313Stream and lake banks313, 409Moist forest openings and clearings313Early successional sites314prairie and savanna409Agricultural fields409idPF;,&EUPESURangeland312, 372, 373Floodplains312, 373Grasslands312, 367, 372, 373Ridges and mountain slopes312, 373Ditches360, 367Disturbed and undisturbed prairie361, 372{_K?5(?%EUPESUFields310, 360Roadsides and railways310, 312, 360, 361, 372Stream and river banks310, 312, 367, 372, 373Open woodlands310, 312, 360, 367, 368, 372Waste places310, 312, 360, 372, 373Croplands310, 360, 367, 368, 372Abandoned fields310, 312, 360, 361, 367, 368, 373Pasture310, 312, 360, 361, 367, 368, 372, 373a90 iQ8 #CIRARVIrrigation ditches197, 303, 308Priaries and grasslands197, 308Waste areas303Logged or burned land308Mid-elevation meadows308Landslides308Sand dunes308}faTJ1""CIRARVRoadsides294, 297, 308Railway embankments294, 308Lawns and gardens294Abandoned fields294, 297, 302Pastures294. 297Cereal crops294, 297, 302, 303Riparian areas294, 297, 308Woodland openings and edges294, 302, 308q_ZG=(!SORHALOnly mildly invasive in the Northwest outside of California.288QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQL SORHALDisturbed areas277Ditches277, 281, 288Cultivated fields277, 281, 288Waste areas277, 288Irrigated crops277, 281Flooded and disturbed bottomlands277Roadsides281, 288Pastures281uk^O<-$)+t\ h a l UzGs eqANTSYLWaste areas479Uncultivated areas48299999999999994 ?pANTSYLDitches479Roadsides479Meadows479Hay fields479Stream banks479Hedge rows479Pasture479, 482Open woodlands479, 482xoj^YKF:5,'mANCARVWaste areas472Cultivated areas (especially in lentils and peas)472XXXXXXXXXXXXXS ?lONOACADisturbed areas witth frequent moisture and dominated by annual grasses.468, 470Rangelands468River corridors468Agricultural areas470snbXiABUTHECultivated fields (esp. in corn and soybean)441Waste areas441Gardens441Fence rows441rrrrrrrrrma\SNA<fAEGCYLWheat fields429Small grains fields429Reduced tillage agricultural fields429Rangeland429Alfalfa fields429Roadsides429Fence rows429upe`;6!eBUDDAVDumps427dBUDDAVRoadsides and railways426, 427Stream banks426, 427Development areas426Abandoned areas426Waste areas426Pastures426Open woodlands426Forestry plantations426vq`[H>0&aHERMANStream banks421, 423, 425Gardens421Roadsides and railways423Waste areas423Damp areas423Pasture425Abandoned fields425River valleys425ythcVQ94+_DIPFULwaste areas409Developed land409Wetlands409DDDDDDDDDDD?50 \CENCALGrazed moist swales454(((((((((((((((#[CENCALRangeland394, 395Pasture394, 395Roadsides394, 395, 454Ditches395Fences395Rocky and gravely sites454Waste areas454Cattle trails454kf^YPA6,#SDAUCARDry fields and pastures348, 383, 387Waste places348Abandoned fields348, 383Railways348Roadsides348Grasslands387Forest clearings387toe[ID6'PLYTSALOpenings in forested swamps347Degraded wetlands388Lowland pastures389Roadsides389Coastal areas392~oj_ZHC0+OLYTSALFreshwater marshes347, 389, 392Ditches and canals347, 389, 392Stream banks347Lake shores347Floodplains347Wet meadows and prairie347, 389Bogs347Vernal pools347ytgbTE1"NCYNOFFRangeland413Abandoned crop land413Pastures413Dunes414SSSSSSSSSNGB83KBROINERiparian areas345Valley bottoms345Dryland sites345Disturbed areas345bbbbbbbbb]LG83#IRUBARMForest plantations379Fence lines379Rights-of-way379Waste areas379Pastures379nnnnnnni_ZMH94'"HRUBARMRiparian areas344, 376, 379Disturbed sites344Field margins344Railways344Roadsides344, 379Abandoned fields344Land neglected after cultivation376Degraded pastures376{qfaWRC>-FCONARVPastures355Ditch and stream banks359:::::::::::::5?ECONARVAgricultural areas343, 355, 359Abandoned fields343Roadsides343, 355, 359Railways343, 355Disturbed and waste areas343, 355Riparian areas343, 359Lawns and gardens355Orchards and vineyards355, 359vlbSHC1"CCARDRAHeavily grazed areas342Drained wetlands342Arid areas with alkali soils453ccccccccccc^@;)$BCARDRAAgricultural land342Disturbed and waste areas342Roadsides342Railways342Sagebrush communities342Grass-shrub communities342, 453Saltcedar communities342Abandoned fields342|e`VQFA&!+8 l P<T}4i%ZYGFABFields526ZYGFABDisturbed areas523Abandoned gardens523Salt-desert shrub524Roadsides525Corrals525Desert525Salty soil525Waste areas525zrmd_TO<7$CARACAGravel pits522 CARACAPastures519, 520, 522Rangelands519Croplands519Roadsides519, 520, 522Meadows520Waste areas520, 522Bluegrass meadows520Prairies522}pkbSHC83'CONMACGrazing areas517Moist pastures and meadows517CCCCCCCCCCCCC>"?CONMACLow lying waste areas514, 516Stream and ditch banks514, 516, 517Riparian areas514Flood plains514, 516, 517Riparian woodlands516, 517Roadsides516Field margins516Perennial cropland517ykfVG/%MYRSPILakes (eutrophic and oligotrophic)324, 471Ponds324Rivers324Irrigation canals324Water less than 6 m deep324Nutrient-rich waterways471mhUPHC<2?TRITERWaste areas507, 509Roadsides507Pastures507Fields507, 509Cropland507Orchards507tttttoe`VLD?50%?TANVULDisturbed areas346$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$TANVULFlower gardens503Hedge rows503Fence rows503, 504Roadsides503, 504, 346Rangelands503Pasture503Ditches504Fields346~updUJ@4/#CRUVULAbandoned fields249%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% CRUVULRangelands498, 499, 249, 500Steep canyon grasslands498Sparsely forested areas498, 249Pastures498Hay and grass seed fields498Waste areas498Rights-of-way498Shrub steppe249~yoeLG.CARPUBHedgerows342Disturbed, open woodlands342Heavily grazed areas342Waste areas497Water courses and ditches497, 449Feed lots497, 449kfYT>9?CARPUBAgricultural land342, 497, 449Disturbed sites342Roadside and railways342, 497Hay fields and pastures342Abandoned fields and gardens342, 497, 449Sagebrush communities342Willow and saltcedar communities342Pinyon-juniper342 g]FA0!~SONARVCanals and ditches491, 493, 496Woods493, 496Lawns493, 496Beaches493, 496River and lake shores493, 496Riparian areas496Wetlands496Meadows496}f\SIB81"}SONARVLow, heavy, moist soils491Disturbed habitats491, 493, 496Salt or brackish marshes491, 493, 496Rangelands491Pastures491Waste areas491, 493, 496Roadsides and railways491, 493, 496Cultivated fields491, 493, 496xiO@,'|ISATINDisturbed areas488, 490Gravel pits490Levees490HHHHHHHHHHHC;6){ISATINForest487, 488Rangeland487, 488, 489, 490Unirrigated perennial cropland487, 488, 489, 490Pastures487, 488, 490Waste areas488Rocky, steep hillslopes488Roadsides and railways487, 488, 490Rights-of way488}s_?+ uHIEAURMosit pastures483Forest meadows483Abandoned fields483Roadsides483Mid to high elevation meadows483Abandoned farmlands483Forest clearings483~_ZOJ83#tHIECAEMoist pastures483, 486Forest meadows483Abandoned fields483, 486Roadsides483, 486Mid to high elevation meadows483Abandoned farmland483Forest clearings483ndYO=8(P + @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @------ - --- - - - - ----- .!.".#.%.&.).*.+.1. 2. 7. 8. <. =.>.?.A.B/C/E/F/H/I/K/N/O/P/ S/ [/ \/ _/ a/d/e/f/i/l/m/p/q/t0u0{0|0}0~00000 0 0 0 0 000000P + @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @------ - --- - - - - ----- .!.".#.%.&.).*.+.1. 2. 7. 8. <. =.>.?.A.B/C/E/F/H/I/K/N/O/P/ S/ [/ \/ _/ a/d/e/f/i/l/m/p/q/t0u0{0|0}0~00000 0 0 0 0 000000 + @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @JLomWQ-JLomWQ/JMiiQf- JMiiQf-JQUMv^/JbMJiq/Jbmkv^/Jbmkv^/LiJkv^-LiJkv^- LidYbQ/LidmQM-LidmQM-LoOOJq/LoOOJq/MJiJMJ0MJiJMJ0MJiOiJ/MJiOiJ/MJibom-MJibom-MJifoL0MJifoL0MQbMJ^/ MQbMJ^/ MQbkd^- MWd[ob- MWd[ob- MYiJiq-MYiJiq.MYiJiq.MdbJiq/MdbJiq/Mdb`JM0Mdb`JM0Mioqo^0Mioqo^0 MvbdSS-MvbdSS/MvmkMd-MvmkMd-OJoMJi/ OYfSo^.OYfSo^/ QofQko.QofQko.WQi`Jb/WYQJoi0WYQMJQ0WvffQi.WvffQi.YkJmYb0YkJmYb0^Qf^Jm. ^Qf^Jm. ^YbOJ^. ^YbOJ^.^YbOJ^.^Ybqo^.^Ybqo^.^vmkJ^/^vmkJ^/ `vikfY0 dbdJMJ/fdmiQM-fdmiQM-ioLJi`/ioLJi`/kQb[JM-kdbJiq0kdbJiq0kdiWJ^.kdiWJ^.mJQMJf. mJ`kff. mJbqo^0 mJbqo^0 miYmQi0 xvUSJL0xvUSJL0 Y@N55@@@@@)Y  Y d Y P Y d Y d Y dPd Y P Y d Y d Y  dPd Y P Y d Y d Y dPd Y  P Y d Y d Y dPd Y P Y d Y d Y dPd Y P Y d OBJIDSPPCODECover Class a Cit aCover Class b Cit b&Disturbance level c Cit c&Disturbance level d Cit d&Disturbance level e Cit e$Disturbance type f Cit f$Disturbance type g Cit g$Disturbance type h Cit h$Disturbance type i Cit i$Disturbance type j Cit j$Disturbance type k Cit k5;5<5=YYY OBJIDPrimaryKeySPPCODEv1 i4 S . @0 SCENSOLYellow star-thistle has difficulty invading unclipped perennial grasslands.255Invades sunny disturbed habiatats.263`[CENSOLShade intolerant254, 255Not competitive where taller vegetation present.254; 263Invades disturbed patches within sagebrush community.243Restricted to disturbed sites and open annual grasslands.254Can invade sunny habitats without disturbance.255; 263f\* BRASYLShading reduces seed production.244444444444444444444440BRASYLCover positively correlated with light level.225Grows under open and closed forest canopies.228, 170, 22Initially invades disturbed areas, but moves into undisturbed forest from there.22Roads22Clearcuts22~pB=CHOJUNInvades open-canopied forest and logged areas.214Healthy vegetation is rarely invaded.205Soil disturbance favors germination and seedling establishment.218ojCCC>CHOJUNAssociated with areas of disturbance.200Disturbance stimulate vegetative buds along roots.211, 218xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxn:5BROTECDue to shading or climate, unable to reproduce in mature montane forest understories.189Reduced soil compaction significantly increases biomass and density.188jjje BROTECopen grasslands and foothills184, 194, 196Disturbance encourages invasion and dominance.190, 196, 185, 194, 197Can invade open, climax communties.194, 196Can persist in undisturbed vegetation.197erosion184Cultivation followed by abandonment184, 190, 196, 197Fire184, 190, 196Over-grazing184, 190, 196ZZZZZK=.(l<<<- CYTSCODisturbance increases germination49555555555555555551 CYTSCOShade tolerant411Disturbance increases germination58, 411OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOF### CYNOFFSeedlings have low growth rate and are not strongly competitive.Early seedling mortality (April to May) was also negatively correlated with the cover of shrubs and trees (r=-0.70, p<0.001) and soil humus content, (r=-0.63, p<0.01)180Shade tolerant, but grows best in full sun.180Small-scale disturbances are important for establishment.180Most abundant in areas with more than 10% bare ground.180, 413Associated with open habitats.414Grazing180Logging413mh-(BRASYLGrows in full sun or under closed canopies179?????????????????????:CIRARVGrowth reduced at 60-70%, Death at < 20%149Little or no seedling estalbishment under dense plant communities.299Needs some disturbance123=8CYTSCOModerately shade-tolerant231, 233Needs at least 10% sunlight to establish seedlings32Can colonize undisturbed grasslands, shrublands, and open canopy forest.233, 235, 236, 40Most often associated with open, disturbed locations.233, 235, 236Soil disturbance promotes seed germination and seedling establishment.55, 234, 45, 43The density of native vegetation is negatively associated with the spread of Scotch broom.64gVkg3)?CYTSCORange of 20% to 60% cover in invaded sites33Shade intolerant57, 235Can invade intact glacial outwash prairies40, 68Soil disturbance and lack of closed canopy promotes germination38Requires soil disturbance to provide exposed mineral seedbed.231clearcut233fire235000000000+% YP>:.4 nl  3UV/TAECAPDominates sites where the vegetation has been removed by overgrazing, cultivation, or fire.338May invade well managed rangelands.338Emergence and growth favored by soil movement and pitting of the soil surface.338Overgrazing338Cultivation338Fire338pk,HYPPERFound in forests where the canopy has been thinned or removed.155Mainly a weed of disturbed areas.322, 155Establishment is favored by bare soil and little competition.155vSSSN+HYPPERDoesn't thrive in heavily shaded areas.318, 325, 155Seedling establishment requires direct sunlight.319Soil disturbance favors continued survival.318Establishes in both degraded and pristine rantelands.318Needs disturbance to establish, but maintains population through vegetative reporduction.319Grazing325Fire155Logging155Roads155~~~~~yrmd_YTKF}xF7*HYPPER)DIPFULShading strongly reduced rosette growth and survival.314, 316Colonizes disturbed sites, but can dominate them for a long time.315, 409Needs bare ground to establish.402Associated with later stages of old field succession where disturbances are more than 1 year apart.406Frost402Animal burrows402MMMMMMMMMH83,'OOOE'EUPESUPrefers disturbed soils310Doesn't need disturbance to spread.312Trails310Fire-guards310Road construction310Track vehicles310upc^VVVQ,'%EUPESUDoesn't flower well under a partial canopy.360, 368Vegetaive shoots will not survive when light levels are below 22-32lx.368Removal of top growth or tillage increases density.361Thrives after disturbance.373Development373Tillage361         E;#CIRARVNeeds high light levels to produce flowers and for seedling survival.294, 303, 309Grows along forest edges, but not under closed canopies.297, 308Disturbance that removes overstory canopy makes ideal seedbed.302Common in initial post-disturbance communities.308Can spread from disturbed ground into sedge measdows and wet prairies after fire.308Fire308Logging308{v#dU"CIRARVFound in open woodlands.308Grows best in sunny sites.308NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNI-(?!SORHALShading reduces seed germination.280Does not persist under closed canopies.288Rarely invades undisturbed areas.277Most common on disturbed sites, but can invade undisturbed tallgrass prairies, savannas, and riparian zones.288d_61POTRECLocated in open areas, open-canopy forests, forest clearings, and forest edges.276Does not grow under closed-canopy forest.276Can invade without disturbance.276Disturbed areas are particularly vulnerable to colonization by and dominance of sulfur cinquefoil.276, 476Persists through succession until "extensive woody cover" develops.474Overgrazing475rm(d_?CARNUTInvades after disturbance from soil seed bank.275May be self-perpetuating once established.275Common in disturbed areas but can invade abandoned pastures and native grasslands.455toC>ACRREPAs light level decreases, dry matter, shoot number, and flower number decrease.268; 273Establishes in open areas.269Favored by soil disturbance on previously undisturbed soil.267Favored by abandonment of repeated disturbance.267Does not readily invade healthy, natural habitats.273Cultivation273Clearcuts273]]]]]]]]]XMH;6i_c40l x =Z*LBROINETolerates moderate shade to full sun.345Invades after disturbance and persists.345hhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhhc:::5IRUBARMEarly seral species344Usually associated with open, disturbed areas.344]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]]X(((#HRUBARMSeedlings die when they receive <44% of full sun.374, 376, 379Seedling establishment requires very open and relatively unvegetated areas.376, 379Plants grow in open to moderately shaded sites.380logging379cultivation379grazing379       PPPAGCONARVRequires high light. Shading by associated vegetation decreases rhizome production and causes the plant to enter dormancy.343Recently disturbed areas with exposed mineral soil are the most common habitat.343Once established, able to persist for many years.343Little competition, repeated disturbance, and high light favor growth.343jjjjjjjjjjjjjeECONARVLight reduction reduces plant vigor.359Low competition, high light, and repeated disturbances favors C. arvensis.3599994DCARDRATolerates moderat shading by hedgerows, but is more common in full sun.342Seedling emergence is greater in annual grasses than in shrub communities.342Disturbance improves seedling establishment.342Often found on disturbed, saline soils.453Cultivation342Ditch banks342Roadsides342Pcoket gopher mounds342Haystack yards342rrrm]XB=2-  \W?ALINDALTolerates light shading but prefers open conditions.341Typically invades disturbed communities, but will also invade communities with natural disturbance or small openings.341Can spread into undisturbed communities, though not widely.341IIID@LINVULRequires open, disturbed locations with little competition.341, 417, 420Typically invades disturbed communities, but will also invade communities with natural disturbance or small openings.341Can spread into undisturbed communities, though not widely.341Seedling survival is high on fallow ground.418JJJJJJJJJJJJJEZZZK<LINDALColonizes open sites.420May need disturbance in order to establish.415Cultivation or soil disturbance greatly increases seedling survival.415, 416, 420\W***%:LEPLATOnce established, does not need distrubance in order to persist.340Seedling emergence is greater in tilled plots than in untilled plots.451UP9CARDRAFound in open, unshaded environments only.449Associated with wate places and roadsides.340Not known whether species needs disturbance to establish.340Establishment often occurs near structures for water diversion from streams.340Cultivation449, 451Irrigation449, 451Flooding449Pocket gopher foraging451\\\\\W?:0&pk???:5TAMSPPLand clearing and plowing398...........)04TAMSPPSedimentation339Floods339Dredging397Diversions397, 398Planting of Tamarix spp.397, 398Flow regulations398xnTJ>9/*"3TAMSPPMature plants susceptible to shading by cottonwoods.339Seedlings need full sun in order to establish.398Associated with areas subject to past disturbance or changes in historic disturbance regime.339Doesn't thrive in areas with frequent or severe flooding.339Grazing339, 398Ground disturbance339Soil salinity339Dams339, 397, 398Channelization339, 397Fire339vga\MH4*!!!~yID4 A E SbJc(qGSONARVDoes not grow well under shade: reduced leaf number, height, and weight.491, 493Species is associated with disturbed habitats, but does well in areas with little disturbance as well.491Exclusively found in recently disturbed sites.493, 496               bbbX{ISATINFull sun490zHIEFLOEstablishment is significantly greater on bare soil compared to vegetated plots.485eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee`wHIEAURRuderal herbs associated with recently disturbed areas.483Grazing483Rodent activity483Cultivation483}pkZULLLLLGvHIECAERuderal herbs associated with recently disturbed areas.483Grazing483Rodent activity483Cultivation483}pkZULLLLLGtHIECAEInvades two or more years after disturbance in old fields.486OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOJrANTSYLAssociated with moderately disturbed habitats.479Large numbers of seedlings observed in areas where the soil has been cleared or substantially disturbed.479C>iABUTHEPlants gowing under a canopy of corn produce fewer seed capsules than plants growing in the open.437, 444Somewhat shade tolerant. Plastic growth form allows adaption to different light levels.438, 441, 444{q?hAEGCYLAble to germinate and establish in undisturbed soil.429IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIDeBUDDAVAssociated with open, disturbed habitats.426>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>9cHERMANPopulation densities in shaded areas are lower than in open areas.423Shaded plants are shorter, have less seed production than plants growing in the open.423Germination and establishment are best in open vegetation with high light.423Can invade "semi-natural" communities.424"Managed" sites (pastures, abandoned fields, river valleys) associated with higher population densities than "unmanaged" communities.4251,WRbHERMANGrows in semi-shade421Establishes in woodlands, forest edges, and partially shaded areas.Most commonly invades open, ruderal communities, disturbed habitats, and bare ground in riparian areas.423, 424Observed to invade closed grassland communities.423Associated with areas disturbed by humans.423, 424MMMMMMMMMMMMMCmm(#]CENCALAssociated with recently disturbed environments.395EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE@TDAUCARInvades open, disturbed areas.348Persists after establishment.348Prescribed fire348mmmmmmmmmmmhWWWWWWWR3.?0SDAUCARNeeds full sun.387Populations are maintained by occasional disturbance.387Forest clearing387Cultivation387vq`````[$$$RLYTSALNeeds high light for good growth.347Recruitment a function of disturbance creating areas with little or no vegetation.347Unshaded, bare, moist soil is best for seedling establishment.347Once established, plants can persist for long periods without distrubance.347%%%%%%%%%%%%% 6661OLYTSALModerately shade tolerant, but won't produce flowers in deep shade.389, 390Can survive under 50% of full sun, but not <40% of full sun.392Bare soil favors seedling establishment.388Establishes quickly after disturbance.389Germination is encouraged by high light and the absence of live plants and litter.391Draining of wetlands388, 392Natural drawdown of wetlands388Siltation of wetlands388Fertilizer runoff389, 392ukUP]Sx 4 & ZYGFABCultivation523 0CARACAInvades both disturbed areas and natural communities.520Activities that disturb the soil, weaken competitive vegetation, and/or allow light to reach the soil surface encourage invasion.520Grazing520Burning520Trampling520Gophers520     JECONMACFrequently found in shaded, riparian woodlands.516Invades both disturbed locations and native plant communities.516DDD?CRUVULPrefers full sun, but tolerates light shading.249Invades disturbed habitats.498overgrazing499wwwwwwwwwwwreeeee`CCC>0CARPUBFound in open, unshaded areas.342, 497, 449Depends on soil disturbance for seedling establishment.342Spreads well in denuded areas and areas dominated by western wheatgrass.342Associated with open disturbed habitats.497Cultivation342, 449Irrigation342, 449Pocket gophers342;;;;;;;6&{v===. 4 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @6666 6 6 6 666 6 6 6 6 6777!7"7#7%7'7)7*7 +7 ,7 /7 38485898:8<8@8A8D8E8 G8 H8 I8 L8 O9R9S9T9]9b9c9e9h9i9 r9 t9 v9 w9 z9{99::::: 4 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @6666 6 6 6 666 6 6 6 6 6777!7"7#7%7'7)7*7 +7 ,7 /7 38485898:8<8@8A8D8E8 G8 H8 I8 L8 O9R9S9T9]9b9c9e9h9i9 r9 t9 v9 w9 z9{99::::: 4 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @JLomWQ9 JMiiQf7JQUMv^9Jbmkv^9 LiJkv^6LiJkv^6 LiJkv^6 LidYbQ8 LidmQM6LidmQM6LoOOJq9MJiJMJ:MJiOiJ8MJiOiJ8MJibom7MJifoL:MQbMJ^9MQbkd^6 MQbkd^6MWd[ob6 MWd[ob6 MYiJiq6MYiJiq7MYiJiq7MdbJiq8 MdbJiq8 Mdb`JM:Mioqo^:MvbdSS6MvmkMd6MvmkMd6MvmkMd6MvmkMd6OJoMJi9OJoMJi9OYfSo^7QofQko7QofQko7WQi`Jb9WQi`Jb9WYQJoi9 WYQMJQ9 WYQMJQ9 WYQS^d9WvffQi7 WvffQi7 WvffQi7 YkJmYb9^Qf^Jm8^YbOJ^8^YbOJ^8^Ybqo^8^vmkJ^9^vmkJ^9fdmiQM7ioLJi`8 ioLJi`8 kdbJiq9kdiWJ^7mJQMJf7 mJ`kff8mJ`kff8mJ`kff8xvUSJL: YkviYJbLQJbN  ??Y  Y  Y d Y  Y , Y , Y Y  Y I OBJID Authoryear TitlePublicationNamePublisherPage"Literature reviewcitationdPdPd?pdPdPd?? YYY Citationcitation OBJIDPrimaryKeyv1  ?>  ` Lacy, E.P.1982Seed mortality in Daucus carota populations: latitudinal effects.American Journal of Botany7:1175-1182Lacy, E.P. 1982 Seed mortality in Daucus carota populations: latitudinal effects. American Journal of Botany 7:1175-1182.ww[_ Gross, K.K.; P.A. Werner.1982Colonizing abilities of biennial plant species in relation to ground cover: Implications for their distributions in a successional sere.Ecology63:921-931Gross, K.K. and P.A. Werner. 1982 Colonizing abilities of biennial plant species in relation to ground cover: Implications for their distributions in a successional sere. Ecology 63:921-931.'!_ Gross, K.L.1984Effects of seed size and growth form on seedling establishment of six monocarpic perennial plants.Journal of Ecology72:369-387Gross, K.L. 1984. Effects of seed size and growth form on seedling establishment of six monocarpic perennial plants. 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Page iii-187 in Research Progress Report, Western Society of Weed Science.'iO*$5> R iflU Davison, Jay; Wargo, Mike; Brown, Mike2005Observations on chemical controls of African rue and Syrian beancaper in western Nevada.Fact Sheet-03-05University of Nevada Cooperative Extensionhttp://www.unce.unr.edu/publications/FS03/FS0305.pdfDavison, J.; Wargo, M.; Brown, M. 2005. Observations on chemical controls of African rue and Syrian beancaper in western Nevada. University of Nevada Cooperative Extension, Fact Sheet-03-05. [http://www.unce.unr.edu/publications/FS03/FS0305.pdf] Dec 2006.4. Washington State Noxious Weed Control BoardWritten findings of the State Noxious Weed Control Board, Syrian bean-caper (Zygophyllum fabago L.).Washington State Noxious Weed Control Boardhttp://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/Zygophyllum_fabago.htmlWashington State Noxious Weed Control Board. No date. Written findings of the State Noxious Weed Control Board, Syrian bean-caper (Zygophyllum fabago L.). [http://www.nwcb.wa.gov/weed_info/Zygophyllum_fabago.html] December 2006.33 Desrochers, A.M.; Bain, J.F.; Warwick, S.I.1988The biology of Canadian weeds. 1988. Carduus nutans L. and Carduus acanthoides L.Canadian Journal of Plant Science68: 1053-1068Desrochers, A.M.; Bain, J.F.; Warwick, S.I. 1988. The biology of Canadian weeds. 1988. Carduus nutans L. and Carduus acanthoides L. Canadian Journal of Plant Science 68: 1053-1068.t93 Hanson, D.E.; Beck, K.G.; Sebastian, J.R.1989Plumeless thistle control in rangeland, Ruedi Reservoir, CO.Research Progress ReportWestern Society of Weed Science29-30Hanson, D.E.; Beck, K.G.; Sebastian, J.R. 1989. Plumeless thistle control in rangeland, Ruedi Reservoir, CO. Western Society of Weed Science, Research Progress Report: 29-30.gu71 Roche, Cindy1992Slenderflower thistle (Carduus tenuiflorus), Italian thistle (Carduus pycnocephalus), plumeless thistle (Carduus acanthoides).Pacific Northwest Extension Publication, PNW 431Oregon State University, Washington State University, University of IdahoRoche, C. 1992. Slenderflower thistle (C. tenuiflorus), Italian thistle (C. pycnocephalus), plumeless thistle (C. acanthoides). Pacific Northwest Extension Publication, PNW 431. Oregon State University, Washington State University, University of Idaho. Kok, L.T.2001Classical biological control of nodding and plumeless thistle.Biological Control21: 206-213Kok, L.T. 2001. Classical biological control of nodding and plumeless thistle. Biological Control 21: 206-213.xkkW Kok, Betina C.; Benech-Arnold, Roberto L.2000Evaluation of dormancy and germination responses to temperature in Carduus acanthoides and Anagallis arvensis using a screening system, and relationship with filed-observed emergence patterns.Seed Science Research10: 77-88Kok, B.C.; Benech-Arnold, R.L. 2000. Evaluation of dormancy and germination responses to temperature in C. acanthoides and A. arvensis using a screening system, and relationship with field-observed emergence patterns. Seed Science Research 10: 77-88.71_ Pokorny, Monica L.; Sheley, Roger L.2000Poison hemlock.MontGuide [Online], MT2000-13Montana State University Extension Servicehttp://www.montana.edu/wwwpb/pubs/mt200013.pdfPokorny, Monica L.; Sheley, Roger L. 2000. Poison hemlock. MontGuide [Online], MT2000-13. Montana State University Extension Service. [http://www.montana.edu/wwwpb/pubs/mt200013.pdf] December 2006.bC2, Pitcher, Don2000Element stewardship abstract for Conium maculatum.The Global Invasive Species Initiative [Online]The Nature Conservancyhttp://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs.htmlPitcher, Don. 2000. Updated 2005. Element stewardship abstract for Conium maculatum. The Global Invasive Species Initiative [Online]. The Nature Conservancy. [http://tncweeds.ucdavis.edu/esadocs.html] December 2006.N > Roche, Cindy1991Syrian bean-aper (Zygophyllum fabago L.)PNW 370Pacific Northwest Extension PublicationOregon State University, Washington State University, University of IdahoRoche, Cindy. 1991. Syrian bean-aper (Zygophyllum fabago L.). Pacific Northwest Extension Publication, PNW 370. Oregon State University, Washington State University, University of Idaho.}vMD Lefevre, Isabelle; Correal, Enrique; Lutts, Stanley2005Cadmium tolerance and accumulation in the noxious weed Zygophyllum fabago.Canadian Journal of Botany83: 1655-1662Lefevre, Isabelle; Correal, Enrique; Lutts, Stanley. 2005. Cadmium tolerance and accumulation in the noxious weed Zygophyllum fabago. Canadian Journal of Botany 83: 1655-1662.iA;_k _;  \ # D H "Nk*D$ CHOJUN21827,55013,7300000Agricultural setting.K44420.,   CHOJUN21827,55013,7300000Agricultural setting.O8886420$  CHOJUN21813,0003,0000000Greenhouse conditions.N666420.$  CHOJUN2181,5005000070,0000Field conditions.M:::8,*("  CHOJUN21627,6000000Field data from Australia. Plants "often" produce more than 10,000 seeds in in their first year of growth.,,,*(&$$  CHOJUN21415,000-20,0000000::::86422  CHOJUN2053502500000In the field. Higher seed production (to 20,000/plant) possible with wide spacing and fertilization.,,,*(&$  CHOJUN2043502500000Field data from Australia.H,,,*(&$  CHOJUN20200001,6424Viable seeds/m2. Field data from Australia in area where biocontrol organisms and competitive pasture grasses well established.,,,*   CHOJUN20015,00000000....,*(&$  BROTEC198000000*156*64*Average and standard deviation calculated from reported values for germinable seeds/m2 in July at each study sites.2,$"   BROTEC1965,000250000177000Highly variable and density dependenta:8.,*(&"  BROTEC19500008,0005,00000Degraded sagebrush communityV864*   BROTEC19400000000Seed production is highly density dependentU(&$"   BROTEC1925,000960000000Burned sagebrush communityP420.,*("  BROTEC19225010000000Unburned sagebrush communityL.,*(&$"  BROTEC19100000038,0000In a low-medium density populationV20$"   BROTEC1905,0002500000025 seeds/plant when at high density; 5,000 seeds/plant when in ideal environment and at low density.20.,*(&"  BROTEC18600000017,6990220$"   BROTEC18500000000Seed number so great that plant density is not related to seed production but the availability of sites.(&$"   BROTEC184000000*17,7170*Calculated from pounds of seed/acre and number of seeds per pound.y42$"   BROTEC18310010000000..,*(&$"  BROTEC182000022,5812,366*11,237*3,624*The seeds/m2 value was calculated using data presented in the study. Average viable seed yield per study site was provided in the article. Mean and standard deviation were calculated from site averages.PD6,   CYNOFF180502,000&&&&&&&&  CENSOL24227,163506After 7 years since release of biocontrol organisms at 3 CA sites, organisms have reduced seed production. At one site, reduction from 13, 877 to 806/m2.***$   BRASYL13302,700$$$$$$$$  CIRARV1445,300""""""" ' CIRARV1441,500""""""" ' CYTSCO231*31,500*18,000*2,000-3,500 pods/plant times 9 seeds/pod.`4444444&  MCYTSCO7714,88818,000........"  &CYTSCO389,650Number of viable seeds per plantB  ' VCARDRA3424,8001,200188,888Due to spreading nature of plant, it is difficult to measure seeds/plant.::,,,,," '&  V  . _ wu)SEZ@ Q3 GCIRARV305*980*46 seed G1CIRARV305*980*46 seeds/head times 21.3 heads/plant.H  ' F0CENSOL304148,92829,435222&&&&&&  E/CIRARV3031,53018930Seed/plant data from Montana study. Seeds/m2 data from Denmark population.x,,,(""  D-CIRARV3011,530""""""" ' C+CIRARV2996,80001,20010000.$$$"  B)CIRARV2971,5007,0151Maximum seed density for ideal conditions.Z....""  A'CIRARV29570.550.8((((((  g @&CIRARV2945,3001,530Male and female plants must be in close proximity for seed production.t,,,,,,"" / ?!CIRARV289*162*178*Calculated from reported density of viability seed produced per meter square at multiple site.(   > SORHAL28880,000+&&&&&&&&&  =SORHAL28128,000$$$$$$$ ' <POTREC2761,65044,000Density of seed production for a population with a density of 2.7 plants/m2.|.."""" ' ;CARNUT27510,000-11,000Variable.=222222 ' :CENSTO27427.406.68******" g 8ACRREP27150050Seed production/shoot.:"""""""  7 ACRREP2691,200101101 seeds/plant observed in roadside population in Canada.d(((((("" / 6CENSOL26375,00025,0003,500::::0$$$$  5CENSOL25825,00012,5000000$  4CENSOL25629,150$$$  3CENSOL254<100,0002,000 - 4,000BBB((((((  1CENSOL24740,00010,000California population.H000$  0CENSOL24721,6005,200Washington population.F...$  /CENSOL24410,024716Average seed production/plant for two of three sites measured.j*******$  .CENSOL243150,00020-120Average values for dense stands.T222222&& / -BROTEC2407,045881Year 2 of a 2 year study.C("  ,CENSOL2405,2661,017Year 2 of a 2 year study.G,"  +CENSOL2401202221,5955,780Year 1 of a 2 year study.S8."""""  *BROTEC2401127,0901,016Year 1 of a 2 year study. The value of seeds/m2 was relatively stable regardless of population density.2(  )!CYTSCO3336528Seed rain. Field data from Australia.G   (GCYTSCO7138070   'CYTSCO2349,700CA study.-"""""" ' &CYTSCO236several thousand/plant020,0004,000\\\\RFD  %CYTSCO235*31,500*18,0000000*Calculated--large plant produces 2000-3500 pods/plant and 9 seeds/pod.<<<:864&  $CYTSCO23312,000000****(&$  #)CYTSCO410000Large plants have up to 300 times the seed production of small plants.f  "(CYTSCO403,95790000Variable depending on plant size and location. Large plants and those located near population edges produce large amounts of seed; small plants and those located near population centers produce few seeds.***(&$"   ! BRASYL1327,000300000Shaded plants produce few seeds.P...,*(&" h >kWQ^QvidUQi^"WoOJ\[dkQfW`8HH@iokWk\Q^QmdbsQQO JmWiQJmmd`dbmJbJkJUiYMo^moiQLdxQ`Jb`m `dbmJbJkmJmQobYqQikYmvQumQbkYdbkQiqYMQQL8<:8:fGN"`JiMo`OL"bJOQiUJ8HHHkoMMQkkdS`dsYbUmdMdbmid^vQ^^dskmJimWYkm^QOQfQbOkdbmY`YbUJbOf^JbmkLiJbMWYbUSdi`MJ^YSdibYJJUiYMo^moiQ@<: 8D:8SrLdsQkUU"mWd`JkJU8HDF^dbUQqYmvdS^QJSvkfoiUQkQQOkYbmWQkdY^Sd^^dsYbUqJiYdokMdbmid^fidUiJ`k[doibJ^dSiJbUQ`JbJUQ`Qbm<8: 86_^sM^Ji\O^QmJ^:66>Mdbmid^dSLiJMWvfdOYo`kv^qJmYMo`JbOiQkmdiJmYdbdSiJiQbJmYqQof^JbOfiJYiYQWJLYmJmJmLommQiS^v`QJOdskLQbmdbMdSYbJ^iQfdimmdmWQdiQUdbOQfmdSJUiYMo^moiQJqJY^JL^Q Wmmf sssJff^YQOQMddiUPtOJqYkdb[U8HD6mWQQkmJL^YkW`QbmdSMdbqd^qo^okJiqQbkYkYbJbdbMd`fQmYmYqQkYmoJmYdbfJUQk<@:<@DYbfidMQQOYbUk86mWLiYmYkWsQQOMdbmid^MdbSQiQbMQ\ uOdsbQvfJbO[k`YmW:666OQ`dUiJfWvdSmWQYbqJkYqQkWioLkMdmMWLidd`MvmYkokkMdfJiYokJmLJiiYbUmdbmdfkbQskdomWsJ^Qk YbkYUWmkSdi`JbJUQ`QbmJokmiJ^QMd^dUv:@ 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kkkkkkkkkk k lllll l l l l mm] q^r^s^t^u^v^w^x^y^z^ {_|_}_~_______ _ `````````aaaaaaaaaa a bbbbbbbbbb b cccccccccc dddddddddd eeeeeeeeee e >                                                                                                                       @@@@ @ @ @ @ @@ @ @ AAAAAAAAAA BBB B!B"B#B%B&B'B (B )C*C+C,C-C.C/C0C1C2C 3D4D6D7D8D9D:D;D<D=D >E?E@EAECEDEEEFEGEHFIFJFKFLFMFOFPFQFRF SF TGzG{G|G}G~GGGGG G HHHHHHHHHH H H H IIIIIIIIII I JJJJJJJJJJ KKKKKKKKKK K LLLLLLLLLL L MMMMMMMMMM M NNNNNNNNNN N OOOOOOOOOO PPPPPPPPPQQQQQQQQQQ RRRRRRRRRR SSSSSSSSSS TTT T T T T TTT UUUUUUUUUU VVVVVV V!V"V#V $V %V &V 'W(W)W*W+W,W-W.W/W0W 1W 2W 3X4X5X6X7X8X9X:X;X<X =Y>Y?Y@YAYBYCYDYEYFY GZHZIZJZKZLZMZNZOZPZ QZ R[S[T[U[V[W[X[Y[Z[[\\\]\^\_\`\a\b\c\d\ e\ f]g]h]i]j]k]l]m]n]o] p] q^r^s^t^u^v^w^x^y^z^ {_|_}_~_______ _ `````````aaaaaaaaaa a bbbbbbbbbb b cccccccccc dddddddddd eeeeeeeeee e ffffffffff f f gggggggggg hhhhhhhhhh iiiiiiiiii jjjjjjjjjj j kkkkkkkkkk k lllll l l l l mm] q^r^s^t^u^v^w^x^y^z^ {_|_}_~_______ _ `````````aaaaaaaaaa a bbbbbbbbbb b cccccccccc dddddddddd eeeeeeeeee e [ YN *Y  Y dY   Y d Y d Y d Y d Y d Y d Y  d Y d Y  OBJIDSPPCODEcitation maximum produced minimum produced average produced,standard dev/plant ave maximum seeds/m2 minimum seeds/m2 average seeds/m2&standard dev/m2 avecomments YYYY OBJIDPrimaryKey*SeedsproducedcitationSPPCODE.^ΏJ S&l q  ` U  "   KgcEk%)G mLYTSAL3892,700,000&&&&&&&&&  lLYTSAL38 mLYTSAL3892,700,000*********  lLYTSAL388120,000Seeds per spike.8&&&&&& ' kDAUCAR3874,0001,000,,,,,,,,"  j}EUPESU38115030Seeds per shoot.4"""""""  i{RUBARM37913,0007,000....$  hxRUBARM37613,0007,000Two populations located next to R. armeniacus thickets.g..$$  gvRUBARM37410,000Seed produced in the middle of a R. armeniacus thicket.]$$  fuEUPESU373140/shoot******* ' etEUPESU372200-250/shoot2222222 ' dsEUPESU371150/shoot*********  coEUPESU367252/shoot8,0207902,500252 seeds/shoot produced in native grasslands. 2,500 seeds/m2 is the average density of seeds produced in the center of a patch of E. esula.DD:4**  bhEUPESU360252/shoot252 seeds/shoot produced in native grasslands.Z****** ' `aBROINE35317.2High insect damage was observed in this study, so the value may be relatively low.t  ' _[LYTSAL3472,500,000100,00088888888*  ^CYNOFF1802,00050&&&&&&&&"  ]WCONARV343300122,0005Seed production is often low with few viable seeds.c...,"""  \ULINVUL3411,4101,410 seeds/m2 in populations where biocontrol insects are established.k""  [ULINDAL341500,000&&&&&&&&&  ZTLEPLAT340thousands1,600,000Seed density information from a population with 200 stems/m2. Seed production may be much lower during wet years.<<<<****  YSTAMSPP339several hundred thousand170,000VVVHHHHHH  XRTAECAP3387.16,667Seeds per spike. Plants usually have between 1-5 spikes.b((((  WOTAECAP335458-151,000-4,000Seeds per spike reported; most plants only have one spike.v::::$$  VNTAECAP33455/head in valleys. In dense stands, plants produce 1 head/plant. In less dense stands, plants produce 3-5 heads. ' UMTAECAP3335.6-8.7Seeds per head.7&&&&&& ' THTAECAP32814  SHYPPER15515,000 (CA); 23, 350 (ID)JJJJJJJ ' RFHYPPER326100,000few thousand23,350Seed production prior to establishment of biocontrol insects.JJJJJJ>& ? QCHYPPER323200,00001-380Seed production is very sensitive to drought.a22(&  PAHYPPER32115,000$$$$$$$ ' O>HYPPER31815,000 - 33, 000888888888  N<DIPFUL3164,500"""  M9DIPFUL3133,3334,50099.7% viable.;,,"""" ' L8EUPESU312140Seeds per stem. "Several" stems per plant.J ' K7EUPESU311140Seeds per shoot.0 ' J6EUPESU310200Seeds per shoot.0 ' I5CIRARV30930,18942Maximum seeds produced in full sun; minimum seeds produced when shaded. 7-43% viable after 6 months.((($  H4CIRARV3081,300Seeds ~90% viable.6"" S*NI O  M  Kw  l h 9U Fs YK` ABUTHE43623Seed production for plants growing with tricale/alfalfa ABUTHE43623Seed production for plants growing with tricale/alfalfa in a four year rotation with soybeans, alfalfa, and corn. ' ABUTHE436822Seed production for plants growing with soybeans in a four year rotation with corn, alfalfa, and triticale/alfalfa. ' ABUTHE436186Seed production for plants growing with corn in a four year rotation with soybeans, alfalfa, and triticale/alfalfa. ' ABUTHE436230Seed production for plants growing withsoybeans in a two year rotation with corn.q ' ABUTHE4360Seed production for plants growing with corn in a two year rotation with soybeans.n ' ABUTHE43492June germinating cohort. Study took place in agricultural fields of Spain.h ' ABUTHE4343,774May germinating cohort. Study took place in agricultural fields of Spain.m"""""" ' AEGCYL4293,000"""""""""  BUDDAV4274,000Seeds/inflorescence7"""""" ' BUDDAV4263,000,000******* ' HERMAN42510,000-25,0002222222 ' HERMAN42329,0001,000........$  HERMAN423108,00015,00022222222&  HERMAN42318,00015,00000000000$  HERMAN42320,0005,000.......$$ / HERMAN423100,00027,0002222222&& / LINVUL42030,000$$$$$$$$$  LINVUL41865,21710,50000$  ULINVUL3411,500-30,000Seed/plant. Seed production is highly variable depending on the size of the clone, the presence or absence of biocontrol insects, and environment.000000 ' LINVUL4171,725310825Seeds per stem in competition with wheat.Y......(" ? LINVUL4175960165Seeds/stem in area where B. pulicarius established.[&&&&&&  ? ULINVUL34121,00021,000 seeds/m2 in population where biocontrol insects are not established.q$$  LINDAL416500,00050,00022222222&  LINDAL415400,000On a plant with 12-15 stems.D&&&&&& ' ~LINDAL415500,000On a plant with 10 stems.A&&&&&&&&  }CYNOFF4141,501Within native range.8""""""""  {CYNOFF413>2,000$$$$$$$$$  zCYNOFF41350-80""""""" ' yCYNOFF4121,13238&&&&&&&&"  xCYNOFF410300-675&&&&&&& ' wDIPFUL40980,000$$$$$$$$$  vDIPFUL4062,500""""""" ' uDIPFUL4043,000"""""""""  tDIPFUL4023,3334,500,,,"""" ' sTAMSPP401170,000Seed rain in a dense stand of Tamarix chinensis.X&&&&  rTAMSPP400several hundred thousandHHHHHHHHH  qTAMSPP398500,000Data for a large plant.?&&&&&&&&  pLYTSAL3922,700,000******* ' oLYTSAL391hundreds of thousandsBBB  nLYTSAL390108,000In native range.8&&&&&& '9'Uj }   F 0 ~$XD:<] ANTSYL47910,000800&&&&&&&& ANTSYL47910,000800********$  POTREC4781,650""""""" ' POTREC4766,000969((((((("" / POTREC4741,6504,400,,,"""" ' ANCARV47325016983Studied in Dutch dunes.A((($  ANCARV472250 ' ONOACA4705,000100(((((((("  ONOACA46840,0008,400........$  CARNUT4624,8503580 "good" seeds plus 1270 "fair" seeds = 4850.T"""""" ' CARNUT45741446High density population, biennial lifecycle.P""""" g CARNUT4579418High density population, winter annual lifecycle.S  g CARNUT457951165Low density population, biennial lifecycle.Q$$$$$ g CARNUT45511,000$$$$$$$$$  CARDRA4535,0001,000Seed production per stem. During dry years, plants do not set much seed.v,,,,,,,"  CARDRA4522,300""""""" ' CARDRA4494,8001,200,,,,,,,,"  LEPLAT448Thousands*********  LEPLAT4461,600,000Dense infestation.>****  ABUTHE44444,200349Maximum value from plants in full sun; minimum values fo plants under a corn canopy.*******$  ABUTHE4421,168 (+-) 250118 (+-) 18In soybeans, no herbicide.fJJJJJJJ4  ABUTHE442408 (+-) 12054 (+-) 9In corn, no herbicide.ZBBBBBBB0  ABUTHE4427,6004,400After a reduced rate herbicide application.Y,,,"  ABUTHE4411,700700(((((((("  ABUTHE4402,500-3,500In California bean field.I...... ' ABUTHE440800-1,000In California corn field.E****** ' ABUTHE44050,000In California. No competition.D$$$$$$$$  ABUTHE44040,00016,000Maximum value without competition. Minimum value in competition with corn.|0000000$  ABUTHE44010,000<250Study conducted in Italy. Maximum value for plants without competition; minimum values for plants with competition.,,,,,,,$  ABUTHE44017,000$$$$$$$$$  ABUTHE43848,000700-17,000Maxiumum value for a plant growing without compeition in Davis, CA.}888888$$ / ABUTHE4366833In corn, no herbicide. Reported in previous study.T   ABUTHE43640-49In soybeans, no herbicide. Reported in previous study.Z"""""" ' ABUTHE436335118In soybeans, no herbicide. Reported in previous study.\$$$$$$$  ABUTHE436408214In soybeans with herbicides. Reported in previous study.^$$$$$$$  ABUTHE43640854In corn, no herbicides. Reported in previous study.W"""""""  ABUTHE43633-38In corn with herbicides. Reported in previous study.X"""""" ' ABUTHE4364,300In soybeans, no herbicides. Reported in previous study.["""""" ' ABUTHE4360Seed production for plants growing with alfalfa in a four year rotation with soybeans, corn, and triticale/alfalfa. 'B+}# f  L> E X  X 4`o"-77c_A  SONARV4969,750Seeds/stalk with little competitio SONARV4969,750Seeds/stalk with little competition.H""""""""  CARPUB49756530300In field plots.9((((((" ? hEUPESU360212Seeds/shoot in annual weeds.< ' CYNOFF180675300Montana population.9$$$$$$$  NTAECAP3348.7In scablands. In dense stands, plants produce 1 head/plant. In less dense stands, plants produce 3-5 heads. ' AHYPPER32133,000$$$$$$$ ' AHYPPER32123,350$$$$$$$ ' CICIRARV64,300Australian population.6  /CIRARV3034,5001Populations in Denmark.=$$$$""  )CIRARV29730,200Holland population.9$$$$  )CIRARV29764,300Australian population.<$$  ACRREP27350-500$$$$$$$ ' ACRREP269292In rangeland population in Canada.B ' CENSOL26321,600Moist environment.8$$  CENSOL2635,200Dry environment.4""  CYTSCO2348,885Australian study.5""  CYTSCO234107Australian study.1  CYTSCO23436528Australian study.5"""  CYTSCO23414,212New Zealand study.8$$$$$$$$  VCARDRA34223,000Seeds/stem0$$$$$$$$  VCARDRA3421,700Seeds/stem.""""""""  CARACA51920,00011,0000000000$$ / CARACA51826610""""  TRITER509>100,000*165,000-247,500*48,400-72,600*Seed densities calculated from bur densities x reported value for range in seed number/bur. Seed densities were measured in areas with intraspecific competition.dddH((((  TRITER506147-1,5138-90Seed production/plant measured for several cohorts on bare ground in native range (Spain).2222222*  CRUVUL249850+1,000In farm plots.:**   CRUVUL249232.4In dry Idaho grassland.;"""""""  CRUVUL498232Rangeland plants.1  VCARPUB34220Seeds per stem.- ' VCARPUB34256530300In field plots.9((((((" ? SONARV49655,556$$$$$  SONARV4949,750Seeds/stalk with little competition.H""""""""  SONARV4939,7503,00055,556Minimum seeds/plant observed in competition with oats.p8888,,,"  ISATIN489563345383*******$ ? 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BNARV>1SONARV>100496((((("K[E֫hM)nXrU U9a''' (Y(9(2I)Y')((T(/XPP 8 l|,\l4 XT$L<H4Ppl|0 XT$\X8P$\X8P " E    #!n$%&'()*+,Oq45PQRSTUVWX3opqtuvwyz{|~)9IHQ) VT)VT@:4) Q I@8i  rrr@<i  ppp0<4<8<<<N0{54756CE1-4073-41E1-A49B-C7904258DFF2} ` p` `4"H`6  `x,kJJ`l 8 `|ka0%8p@@ )U@Di  @ H aAU @L iU|||@P  xxx$` $A` $` $` $` $A ` $ ` $ ` $  ` $I ` $` $` $ ` n:B@T 0@Xy QSWd KCx.\:`%p Lp $\)p\1\:`%p Lp $\W<L)p\:`L<`1t5<@' %ltF%',%lxF`%p$ `p `p<''' pp ,>F< p6<  0 txL(p\<L (\l2:D%T:\k  @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @        !" #!$"%#&$'%(&)'*(+),*-+.,/-0.1/20315263748596:7;8<9=:>;?<@=A>BCDEFGHIJK L M N O k  @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @        !" #!$"%#&$'%(&)'*(+),*-+.,/-0.1/20315263748596:7;8<9=:>;?<@=A>BCDEFGHIJK L M N O 7 @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ JLomWQ0JMiiQfJbMJiq6LidmQMLidmQMMJiJMJMJiJMJMJibomMJibom2MJibom3MJibom4MQbMJ^$MQbMJ^1MQbkd^ MQbkd^ MQbkd^ MQbkd^MQbkd^ MQbkd^ MYiJiqMYiJiqMYiJiqMYiJiqMYiJiqMYiJiqMYiJiqMYiJiq MdbJiqMdbJiqMioqo^Mioqo^Mioqo^Mioqo^MvbdSSMvbdSSMvbdSS'MvbdSS(MvbdSS)MvbdSS*MvbdSS+MvmkMdMvmkMdMvmkMdMvmkMd MvmkMd OYfSo^OYfSo^%OYfSo^&OYfSo^ QofQkoQofQko QofQko!QofQko#WQi`Jb.WQi`Jb/WQi`Jb WYQJoi8WYQMJQ7WYQS^d9WvffQiWvffQiYkJmYb:YkJmYb^Ybqo^^Ybqo^,^Ybqo^-^vmkJ^dbdJMJ5ioLJi`"kQb[JMkdbJiqkdbJiq;kdbJiq<kdbJiq=kdbJiq>kdbJiqkdbJiq0 Y*+s spread steN*******&Y  Y d Y dY Y Y Y Y Y Y   Y   Y  Y  Y  Y  OBJIDSPPCODEcitation(explosive dehiscencewind watergravity birdsmammalsinsectsCommentsmachinery"contaminated cropvehicles0contaminated gravel/soilIhYYYYY4DispersalMechanismcitation OBJIDPrimaryKeySPPCODEHv1b*zjL r 4  T  d vBx7}/d+CARACA522*CONARV51678)MYRSPI324, 354, 471Dipersal mechanisms spread stem fragments, not seeds._((TANVUL346 'CRUVUL498, 249, 500Seed survives ingestion.B(7-&CARPUB342'y%SONARV491, 493, 496Some seed survives ingestion by birds.P(-$ISATIN487, 488, 489, 49022q#ANTSYL479No obvious dispersal mechanism.5GL"ONOACA4687 !ABUTHE440Humans activities are responsible for long distance dispersal.Tg AEGCYL4297BUDDAV426, 4277 HERMAN421, 423, 424((w CENCAL395, 454w9DAUCAR387LYTSAL347, 388, 389, 39222 RUBARM344, 374, 376, 379Seed survives ingestion by birds and mammals. Ingestion by birds improves germination by 7-17% (376).2CONARV343, 3599CARDRA342, 453yLINDAL341, 415, 416Seeds can be spread after ingestion by cattle and deer.a(LINVUL341, 417 LEPLAT340, 448Not adapted to long distance dispersal.GTAMSPP339, 398, 401((7TAECAP333, 334, 338Survives ingestion by animals. Often carried by animal fur.e(7HYPPER318, 321, 326, 1552279DIPFUL313, 402, 403((EUPESU310, 311, 312, 360, 367, 368, 372PP;CIRARV297, 299, 302, 303, 304, 305, 308, 309Humans are primary dispersal agents.Z7 SORHAL277, 281, 288(( POTREC276Gx CARNUT275, 457, 458, 46122 ACRREP269; 273_ BRASYL230)CHOJUN202, 203, 205, 206, 209, 218FF79BROTEC187, 190, 194, 19622W9CYTSCO43' CYTSCO40' CIRARV179@CENSOL240, 243, 249, 253, 254, 256; 263PPyCYTSCO37, 231, 41, 233, 55, 235; 236, 63, 45, 43, 71jj/kCYNOFF28, 180, 410, 411, 412, 413Cattle may be important for long distance dispersal.zDW% @@ @@ @ 8DH8FD8H68H>8HB:6::6<:6@:6B:6H:8F:<6:>6:><:>H:@<:@>:@B":B<:BH":D< :D@>@D>@F>B8 :DB :DD:F8:FF :F8F6>86>88>8:>8<:HD:HH<6:<6<<6><6@<6F<6H <86<88<8:6:>6<<8F<:8<:B8@@<:><@>>D8'<<<<<><68<>6>>F<>8>8@>8B<>8>8D<>:$<>:>@<<><<@H<>>B&<>D8:<<@@:<@":@><D8@>>6>:8>:<>:>>:B>:D>:H><>>6>BF >DH!>FD>FF>FH>H6">H8>H<>HB#>HF:>H@66%@8B(@::)  @ @ @ @ @       !" #!$"%#&$'%(&)'*(+)  @ @ @ @ @       !" #!$"%#&$'%(&)'*(+) @ @ @ @ @ JLomWQJMiiQf JQUMv^Jbmkv^!LiJkv^LidmQMLoOOJqMJiJMJ)MJiOiJMJibom MJifoL$MQbMJ^MQbkd^MWd[obMYiJiqMYiJiq MdbJiqMdbJiq(Mioqo^%MvbdSSMvmkMdMvmkMdMvmkMdOJoMJiOYfSo^QofQkoWQi`JbWvffQiYkJmYb"^Qf^Jm^YbOJ^^Ybqo^^vmkJ^`vikfY'dbdJMJ fdmiQM ioLJi`kdbJiq#kdiWJ^ mJQMJfmJ`kffmJbqo^&, YN)Y  Y d Y m d Y d Y d Y Y  OBJIDSPPCODEMax germinationMin germinationAve germinationCommentsCitYYY OBJIDPrimaryKeySPPCODEv1 2@M U g  K F  i < W ' vrHF=v ^ uk^o xAACHYPPERPeriodic, massive germination events during optimal conditions (roughly 1-3 times during a 10 year period).323 @BHYPPER7043Emergence restricted when seed buried >4mm deep.322QL ?<DIPFUL43 (+-) 520 (+-) 6High germination in low grass/high forb community; low germination in high grass/no forb community316(( >:DIPFUL2.91.5Two years after seed set.314<7 =:DIPFUL25.217.6One year after seed set.314=8 <9DIPFUL86 (+-) 628 (+-) 6Maximum germination in community with low grass cover and lots of bare ground; minimum germination in community of dense grass.313(( ;3CIRARV7893307 :/CIRARV12.66.8Germination under field conditions.303GB 9/CIRARV9619Viability of seed highly dependent on sex of parent and distance between clones.303ql 8-CIRARV9550Fresh seed.301,' 7+CIRARV5050% germination when buried 0.5-1.5 cm deep.299ID 6)CIRARV95% establishment of 1cm root fragments.297A< 5)CIRARV7-13Sown on bare ground.2973. 4&CIRARV975278294# 2!CIRARV965378289# 1SORHAL78Rhizome bud germination on buried single-bud rhizome sections.286[V 0SORHAL45-46From soil depths <2.5 cm.28594 /SORHAL76.4Data from study looking at non-overwintering form at northern limit of range.281lg .SORHAL38Data from study looking at overwintering form at northern limit of range.281fa -SORHAL94With after-ripening.2801, ,POTREC7055With period of after-ripening.276?: +CARNUT81275 (CENSOL72Fall germination (60%) plus spring germination (12%).262RM 'CENSOL39 - 4484-95% viable at dispersal.258=8 %CENSOL7544253 $CENSOL75247 "CENSOLAbout 95% viable.243*% CENSOL*37240 CENSOL>90% viable and germinable at dispersal241@; CENSOL*96240 VCARDRA54% viability. Germination in a northeastern Oregon field occurred during 2 out of 8 years. Germination requires ample moisture.342 &CYTSCO65% viable38" MCYTSCOAbout 50% viable.77)% 7CYTSCO98% viable, but more than 65% have an impervious seed coat.55SO CHOJUN60-80% viable217&! CHOJUN80-90% viability in Australia.21672 CHOJUN3426Emergence data from Australia.207?: CHOJUNSeed viability reaches 80-90%., but seeds have low (7-22%) viability at the beginning and end of the growing season.201 CHOJUN90200 BROTEC1005290% viable191,'  BROTEC95190  BROTEC100Most seeds germinate when conditionas are favorable.187RM  BROTECSeed viability as high as 99.75%18194 (CYTSCO0.86<0.01In the center of a dense population.40IE (CYTSCO3.10.1At edge of dense population.40>: CENSOL36-38Greenhouse study.2411, !CYTSCO705Field data from Australia.3384 CYTSCO>50% viable235$ 72k?g9 F  X ~ n jI> IjfF4P VRCX-ABUTHE38Germination percent for June cohorABUTHE38Germination percent for June cohort. Study took place in agricultural fields of Spain.434sn ABUTHE53Germination percent for May cohort. Study took place in agricultural fields of Spain.434rm AEGCYL29 (+-) 85 (+-) 1Emergence data under field conditions.433TO'' AEGCYL904564In the field.4312- ~AEGCYL7552In the field.429.) }BUDDAV92427 |HERMAN56% viable immediately after dispersal.424@; {LINVUL0.1340-50% viable.418-( xLINDAL67After 5 weeks of after-ripening.415=8 wCYNOFF66Within native range.4141, vCYNOFF48>90% viable.413)$ uCYNOFF3115412 sDIPFUL320.8Greenhouse study. Maximum germination associated with bare soil; minimum germination observed in soils covered with plant litter.408 rDIPFUL8030404 qDIPFUL86 (+-) 5.728 (+-) 5.7Germination rates in the field.402RM,, oTAMSPP5119400 nTAMSPP9578Seed viability >85% at dispersal.399B= lTAMSPPSeeds have high initial viability.398;6 jLYTSAL92Average germination in the field. Greenhouse germination rates approach 100%.392je hLYTSAL100%391 gLYTSAL100% viable.388%  fDAUCAR5-21Highly variable germination rates.387A< eDAUCAR6325First year germination in young fallow (63%) and old fallow (25%) fields.386je dDAUCAR358Highly variable. Germination mostly occurs in spring, but may occur in summer or fall.384up b{RUBARM10 Average germination in a three-year study.379HC `xRUBARM107Germination in the field.37683 ^uRUBARM10373 \oEUPESU60-80% viable.367'" ZpEUPESU0.4In native grassland.3682- YhEUPESU14.5%; 28.8%First of two different sites. Additional germination observed two years after dispersal (6%).360  WcCONARV255At dispersal, seeds are 5-15% germinable, 60-80% impermeable, and 87-97% viable. However, field measurements of germination are either much higher (60-75%) or lower (5%).355 V_BROINE90With adequate moisture.3514/ U[LYTSAL90-99%347 RYBROINEViability = 83-95%345+& QWCONARV31.8Majority (60-80%) of seeds are impermeable, requiring chemical or mechanical scarification.343zu PULINVUL8813.5Seeds have low viability (<25%). High rates of germination require stratification.341up OULINDAL75341 NSTAMSPP5119Viability is about 65% two days after dispersal and 40% fouteen days after dispersal.339vq LPCENSOL100% viable.336%  KPTAECAP100% viable.336%  JOTAECAP>90%335 INTAECAP94-98Greenhouse germination.33472 HLTAECAP98332 GITAECAP8773At zero water potential and 10-30 degrees Celsius.329SN FGTAECAP98327 EHYPPER8436Germination rates are higher for unburied seed.155PK CFHYPPER963665326# )I&[ # U ^ {  /+G~6De8Uq )vCONMAC615CONMAC615Total field germination after a 5 year period.515MH MYRSPIGermination is erratic. Seedlings are rare.471D? TRITER3112Maximum germination rate observed one year after dispersal; minimum rate observed two years after dispersal.509 TRITERIntermittent germination.5062- CRUVUL98<5Minimum germination is without after-ripening period.249VQ CRUVUL8596% viable.498(# VCARPUB15% viable at dispersal (seed immature?)342A< SONARV5010-89% viability. 50% germination in soil..496HC SONARV1270-90% viable.493+& SONARV8062Lab study.492+& SONARV30-36Establishment from seeds located within top 0.5cm of soil.492ZU SONARV100491 ISATIN9944489 HIECAE50486 HIEFLO0.4Establishment in vegetated plots.485?: HIEFLO26.46.7Establishment on bare soil. 53)+-)4% viable at dispersal.485]X HIEFLO57% viable at dispersal, reduced to 17% viability one year later.484ZU ANTSYL100Study in the Netherlands.48172 ANTSYL3Second year after dispersal.48072 ANTSYL79First year after dispersal.48083 ANTSYL79% viable479# POTREC7055478 ANCARV32.7Studied in Dutch dunes. Germination was spread over a 4 month period.473d_ ANCARVGermination occurs throughout the season.472B= ONOACA13.1After three years of germination since dipersal. Though seeds are 70+% viable at dispersal, seedling emergence is strongly intermittent. Seedlings can emerge any time between March through October for several years after dispersal.470 ONOACA57.530.2Five years of gemination after initial sowing. Germination spread relatively evenly over five year period after dispersal.469 CIRARV62.548.7Five years of gemination after initial sowing. Germination spread over 5 years with most germination occuring one year after dispersal.469 CARNUT48.226.7Five years of gemination after initial sowing. Germination spread over 3 year period with most germination occuring either immediately after dispersal or the following year.469 ONOACA87 (+-) 1.50.2 (+-) 0.2Germination is highly variable across years and across populations.467wr-- ONOACA148Germination rates at dispersal. Remainder of seeds are dormant.466^Y CARNUT953795% germination of "good" seed; 37% germination of "fair" seed.462`[ CARNUTGermination is enhanced by a light cover of litter.455LG CARDRA80% viability.453'" CARDRA9471Seed viability = 80%. Maximum germination observed in the lab; minimum germination observed in the field. Reproduction only observed in 2 out of 8 years.451 CARDRA8484% of seeds germinate the first year after dispersal; 31% geminate during year 2.449oj LEPLAT64-100448 ABUTHE7036Germination rates remain high even after years of burial in soil.441b] ABUTHE10-20% of the soil seedbank germinates each year.440JE ABUTHEGerminates from seed banks from spring until fall.439KF KJW U ? ? \ $ $J  k 2ψr懗ISATINSeeds readily germinate at dispersal.487>9 POTREC17.5474 yLINVUL88<10Seed germination rates are highly variable.417MH kCENCAL10075393  ]sEUPESU<5371 )CENSOL1111% germination observed in the field. 88-95% viable.263RM CHOJUN60-100% viable.218(# BROTECSeed viability as high as 99.75%18694 BROTEC95196 CENSOLAbout 95% viable.253*% RTAECAP>90%338 gCONARV255At dispersal, seeds are 5-15% germinable, 60-80% impermeable, and 87-97% viable. However, field measurements of germination are either much higher (60-75%) or lower (5%).359 tEUPESU60-80% viable.372'" LINDAL67After 5 weeks of after-ripening.416=8 CARPUB15% viable at dispersal (seed immature?)449A< TRITERIntermittent germination.5092- SONARV80Under lab conditions.4962- pEUPESU1.5In a shrub community.3683. pEUPESU5.1In a cultivated field.3684/ hEUPESU28.8Second of two study sites.36094 )CIRARV00% germination when sown in pasture.297?: CENSOL8822Under experimental conditions.263?: BROTEC7550Emergence when buried under 2cm or lass of soil.187QL /CIRARV>68With frequent disturbance.30383 )CIRARV78 (+-) 2In Australian population.297=8 CARACA90520 CARACA5217518 CONMAC85Germination at dispersal. Remaining 15% enter dormancy.517TO CONMAC30.87.4One year after field sowing.515@; e @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @        "$%'()+,-./ 0!1"2#4$5%6&7'8(9):*;+<,=->.?/@0A1CEFGHIJKLN O P Q R UVWYZ\]^`bdefghjkln o!q"r#s$u%v&w'x(y){*|+},~-./01      !"#$%&'(    e @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @        "$%'()+,-./ 0!1"2#4$5%6&7'8(9):*;+<,=->.?/@0A1CEFGHIJKLN O P Q R UVWYZ\]^`bdefghjkln o!q"r#s$u%v&w'x(y){*|+},~-./01      !"#$%&'(     @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ JLomWQ0JLomWQ1JLomWQJLomWQJLomWQJQUMv^-JQUMv^.JQUMv^/JbMJiqJbMJiqJbmkv^Jbmkv^Jbmkv^Jbmkv^LidYbQ LidYbQLidmQMLidmQMLidmQMLidmQMLidmQMLidmQMLidmQMLoOOJq,MJiJMJMJiJMJMJiOiJMJiOiJMJiOiJMJiOiJMJibomMJibomMJibomMJibom MJifoL"MJifoLMQbMJ^MQbkd^MQbkd^MQbkd^MQbkd^MQbkd^MQbkd^MQbkd^MQbkd^MQbkd^MQbkd^MQbkd^MQbkd^MQbkd^MWd[ob MWd[ob MWd[ob MWd[ob MWd[ob MWd[obMYiJiq#MYiJiq$MYiJiq%MYiJiq&MYiJiq'MYiJiq(MYiJiq)MYiJiq*MYiJiq+MYiJiq MYiJiqMYiJiqMYiJiqMdbJiq MdbJiqMdbJiqMdb`JM(Mdb`JMMdb`JMMioqo^#Mioqo^$MvbdSS%MvbdSS&MvbdSS'MvmkMdMvmkMdMvmkMdMvmkMdMvmkMdMvmkMdMvmkMdOJoMJiOJoMJiOJoMJiOYfSo^,OYfSo^-OYfSo^.OYfSo^/OYfSo^"OYfSo^#OYfSo^$QofQkoQofQkoQofQkoQofQkoQofQko QofQko QofQko QofQkoWQi`Jb+WYQMJQWYQS^dWYQS^dWYQS^dWvffQi0WvffQi1WvffQiWvffQiYkJmYbYkJmYb^Qf^Jm^YbOJ^ ^YbOJ^(^YbOJ^^Ybqo^ ^Ybqo^)^Ybqo^*^vmkJ^^vmkJ^^vmkJ^^vmkJ^`vikfY'dbdJMJ dbdJMJ dbdJMJ dbdJMJfdmiQMfdmiQMfdmiQMioLJi`ioLJi`ioLJi`kdbJiqkdbJiqkdbJiqkdbJiq kdbJiq!kdbJiq kdiWJ^kdiWJ^kdiWJ^ kdiWJ^!kdiWJ^"mJQMJfmJQMJfmJQMJfmJQMJfmJQMJfmJQMJfmJQMJfmJ`kff mJ`kffmJ`kff mJ`kff!miYmQi%miYmQi&miYmQi yYN *Y  Y d Y d Y 0d Y d Y ۘd Y Y  OBJIDSPPCODELongevityAve densityMin densityMax densityCommentsCitۘۘYYPrimaryKeySPPCODEZ+nf _  3 /L m g = gBtQbmz+EUPESU5-8 y +6EUPESU5-8 yr310  *5CIRARV2.5 - 4 years309&!!!!!  )4CIRARVUp to 22 yrs280 (+-) 110Most seed germinate the spring following dispersal.308rm888  1 (3CIRARVUp to 22 yearsLongevity depends on depth of burial. At 2.5 - 7.6 cm, seeds remain viable for 2.5 to 5 years.307"""" 3 '/CIRARV3-22 yearsFor longevity, seed must be deeply buried. Under agricultural conditions, the seed banks is quickly reduced to <1% within 2.5-5 years.303 ! &+CIRARV5-20 years276928Almost all seed will germinate at dispersal, but can persist for 5-20 years if buried.299*$  %)CIRARVDeeply buried seed will not germinate but will persist.297PK ! $"CIRARV268290 s # SORHAL<2 yearsMost seeds only last for 1-2 years.288FA e "SORHAL<1 yearRhizome longevity.2864/  !SORHAL>5 yearsAfter 5 years, 50% viable.281=8 7 SORHALUp to 6 years.Review of burial experiment--2.5 years = 60-75% viable; 5 years = 50% viable; 6 years = 2% viable.277""""  POTREC>4 years276! s CARNUT10-15 years5,300Only seeds buried deeper than 2 cm survive for more than about 3 years. Density refers only to top 4-5 cm of soil.275))) ! ACRREPSeeds don't germinate easily.27361   ACRREP2-3 years269"   CENSOLNo evidence of obligate dormancy.265:5  CENSOL<10 years2,80010,127263833'  CENSOL10,000Derived from Sheley and Larson '94.262HC o CENSOL>10 yearsA very small percentage of the seed rain will persist for many years.261id  CENSOL<2-3 yearsUnder field conditions in CA.258B= e CENSOL6-10 years95% of seed germinated, damaged, or dead within 2-3 years of dispersal.254lg  CENSOL10% of seed rain can remain dormant.253=8 a CENSOL<3 yearsSeeds rapidly lost to germination, decay, and predation.250[V  CENSOLProduces an abundance of short-lived, easily germinated seed.249VQ  CENSOL<3 yearsMost seeds lost to germination, decay, and predation within 1 year.247fa  CENSOLShort-lived88-92% of seeds either germinate or are degraded by the end of the dispersal year.241xs 7 CENSOL2,897 (+-) 993,224 (+-) 987240MHH, o CYTSCO68236  GCYTSCO414271 u/ CYTSCO5-30 years22,222About 35% of each seed crop enters the seedbank.233a\*  CYTSCOup to 30 years231'""""" / BRASYL1-2 years227"  BRASYLMaybe as long as 2-3 years232..... u BROTEC267 (+-) 97333 (+-) 140Most seeds deteriorated or unviable.240kf@( % CHOJUN<18 months215# s CHOJUNMaybe some carry-over between years.207=88888 a CHOJUN1-2 yearsBuried seed.2050+ c CHOJUN<6 months202" ! BROTEC1 year1,177Longevity up to 2-3 years if buried. Seedbank density value to a depth of 15cm.196zu$$$ m BROTEC>1 yearCan persist up to 2-3 years when buried.191JE 7 BROTEC<1 year182  K2a,A _ [M z _ ' 2  IPf1NJFt?2"C=?]AEGCYL2.8-5.4 yearsLength of time for 99% of dispersed and buri ]AEGCYL2.8-5.4 yearsLength of time for 99% of dispersed and buried seed to lose viability.429ni!!!! m \AEGCYL3-5 yearsMost seed either germinates immediately or is lost over the tyear. Only 5-10% remains the year following dispersal.429 3 [BUDDAVDeep dormancy lasts for several years.426?: i ZHERMANSpecies produces a short term persistent seed bank in lower soil layers.424a\  YHERMANOver year since dispersal, live seed decreased from 56% to 15%.424XS 3 WHERMAN3759 (+-) 2906Live seed immediately after seed dispersal.424`[...  VHERMAN<7 years<2,664423-(((( s ULINVULSeed dormancy under field conditions <8 years.417GB  TCYNOFF<1 yearDoes not produce a persistent seedbank.413ID  SCYNOFFDo does create a persistent seedbank.411>9  RCYNOFF<3 yearsDoes not produce a persistent seedbank.410JE m QDIPFUL<2 years404!  PTAMSPPNo seed dormancy.400*%  OTAMSPPSeeds lose viability quickly.39961  NLYTSAL410,000In top 5cm of soil.391:5  s2 LLYTSALL. salicaria develops huge seedbanks. Seeds can remain dormant for several years.389je  KDAUCARSeeds have inate dormancy. Germination is often delayed.384QL  J~DAUCAR>7 years382! m ItEUPESU5-8 years99% of seeds will germinate within the first 2 years.372YT  HsEUPESU8 years371  7 GqEUPESU>3-4 years612817823369500&& 7 FpEUPESU>3 years368! e EoEUPESU<8 years13% annual loss of seed from seed bank.367JE o DhEUPESU<5 years360! 1 BcCONARV>20 years258Seed bank density observed under a pure stand of C. arvensis.355gb###  A\DAUCAR1-2 years348" c @[LYTSAL2-3 years410,000Seeds located in top 5 cm soil.347QL+++  ?CYNOFF<2-3 yearsSpecies does not form a large or persistent seed bank.180[V  >YBROINEStored seed lastsfor 14+ years.34583  =WRUBARMSeveral years343&!!!!! s <WCONARV20-50 years343$ e ;VCARDRA3-4 years342" ! :ULINVULIn the lab, stored seed lasts 13+ years.341A<  9ULINDAL<10 years341" o 8TLEPLATIn the lab, seed remains viable for 2+ years.340FA  7STAMSPPShort-livedNo effective seedbank. Seed viable for <45 days.339VQ  6RTAECAPShort-livedSeeds remain viable in soil and litter for at least one year.338c^ 0 4OTAECAPShort-lived335$ ! 3NTAECAP 1yearBuried seed loses viability after 1 year.334JE  2MTAECAPSeeds have delayed germination.33383 a 1FHYPPER>3 yearsAfter three years of burial, >50% of seeds viable.326UP / 0AHYPPERSeeds have chemical germination inhibitors. Washing with water increases germination.321ni  /AHYPPER>3 years321!  .?HYPPER>6 years319!  ->HYPPER6-10 years318#  ,8EUPESU>8 yrs312 4_Y  h dM ^ ( , d / Y  ~I?k@ n84D`*ik5 XHERMAN192 XHERMAN192 (+-) 165Live seed one year after seed dispersal.424YT***  MLYTSALSeveral years390&!!!!! ! CgCONARV>55 years359" y 5QTAECAPLarge, short-lived seed bank.33761 5 CYTSCO19027,000Review Of Australian and New Zealand studies (seed bank densities = 400-3000; 190-2700; 1100-5300; 16675; 4630-27000)234$ % CARPUB>3 years449!  ISATINSeveral years488&!!!!!  CYNOFFDo does create a persistent seedbank.414>9  LINDAL<10 years420"  LINDAL<10 years416"  LINDAL<10 years415"  HYPPER>3 years155! 5 uEUPESU>8 yrs373 9 ACRREP2-3 years271" i BROTEC<1 year190  s CARACASmall seed bank due to rapid germination and seed predation.520UP ! CONMAC<3 years517! e CONMAC>5 yearsSeed bank is quickly depleted. Less than <1% of seed is still viable after 5 years.515vq lj CONMAC>3 yearsSmall seedbank.5122- 7 ~MYRSPI>7 years400Seeds have prolonged dormancy.471GB""" m }TRITER>3 yearsThree years after dispersal, ungerminated seed ((57% of total seed dispersed) still had 93% viability.509  |CRUVUL<26 months501# e {CRUVUL<4 yearsDoes not form a large, persistent seedbank.249NI  zCRUVUL<31 months499# 3 yCRUVUL<32 monthsSeed bank longevity >12 years at 97% population control.498]X ) xVCARPUB>3 years342!  wSONARV>3 years496!  vSONARV<5 years491!  uISATIN<10 months489#  tISATINSeveral years487&!!!!! ! sHIEAUR3,695Under an established, dense population. Viabily of soil stored seed falls quickly (by 50% after one year).484 e rHIEAUR<7 years483! m qHIECAE<7 years483! m pANTSYLStudy in the Netherlands. No permenent seed bank.481JE ! oANTSYL<2 years480! e nPOTREC>3 years478! e mANCARV83-169Studied in Dutch dunes. Seeds have no dormancy. Seeds lost to germination and predation though buried seeds may form a long-lived seed bank.473  lANCARV>3-5 years472# ! kONOACA>39 years470" u jONOACA<20 years468" u iONOACAMore than 85% of seeds are dormant at dispersal.466ID 5 hCARNUTNo seed dormancy, but seedbank the source of about 30% of each cohort.457_Z ! fCARNUT<10 years455" o dCARDRA<3 years453!  cLEPLAT3-4 years451" o bABUTHE>5 yearsIn corn/soybean rotation.442<7 ! aABUTHE<50 years5,100Seedbank density in top 20cm of a corn field.441[V''' e `ABUTHE>50 years438" o _ABUTHE24% of seed is dormant the year following dispersal.435MH e ^AEGCYL<5 yearsLess than 8% of seed survived after two years, regardless of whether it was buried or on the soil surface.433 4  @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @       ! 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Variable annual gemination: <5-<41%.512CRUVUL160360249CRUVUL161323498HIEFLO32In a dense population.484/*ANTSYL801000+Study in the Netherlands.481<7ANTSYL801000+479!ABUTHE200There is a linear relationship between seedling density and adult density at seedling densities at or below 200/m2.442ABUTHE400441ABUTHE14Study took place in agricultural fields of Spain.434JE|HERMAN40056% viable immediately after dispersal.423B=zLINVUL19751In seedling "clumps."4184/wCYNOFF4500Within native range.5.,tCYNOFF117-191412!pTAMSPP78,0001000-1500Data from a stand of T. chinensis.401UP,,mTAMSPP7.5399iLYTSAL20,000Literature review. Large infestations have 10,000-20,000 seedling/m2.392facRUBARM0.3 (+-) 0.10.7 (+-) 0.2380C>>>>&aRUBARM0.4Density near adult thickets.37972_RUBARM5; 2.41.5; 0.9376)$$^RUBARM0.4374[EUPESU168 - 389368% ZEUPESU1.6107392Literature review. Gemination: 0.4% in native grassland, 5.1% in cultivated fields, 1.5% in shrub community.367 XEUPESU1.61073921.6 seedling/m2 observed in arid locations, 92 seedlings/m2 in favorable locations, and 1,073 seedlings in a favorable location and during a favorable year.360 TLYTSAL10,000-20,000Maximum seedling density on bare mud flat = 10,000-20,000. Maximum density in a vegetated wetland = 30-50/m2.347(((SCYNOFF4500180MTAMSPP>8000339DHYPPER570-710155!BHYPPER57; 71Measurements from two years.326=8+CARNUT20425463*CENSOL3230263&CENSOL3230256#CENSOL148812811244% !CENSOL1871928After 7 years since release of biocontrol organisms at 3 CA sites, organisms have reduced seedling densities. At one site, seedling density reduced from 897 to 234/m2.242 BROTEC*6815*Calculated from reported population values in each life history stage. Represents maximum seedlings present prior to mortality.240CENSOL*7973*Calculated from reported population numbers in each life history stage. 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Dim stDosity of juv$max density of juv per square meter$max_density_of_juvTo)&H#W'pd5U`<abc0max density of juv_Label$max density of juv0max_density_of_juv_Label[%IJ/$wW]m7UF`abcek(std error of ave-juv(std error of ave-juv(std_error_of_ave_juvx>P@HAIUHd5U`<abc4sHOpen Formk9NvsPʫ`FormFooter*ɱrJPForm_P SURVIVORSHIPK[Form_Q TRANSITIONSForm_Q TRANSITIONSForm_I SEED DISPERSALForm_I SEED DISPERSALForm_H SEED DESCRIPTIONFoHOpen FormLmmt`FormFooterg߸CehF"ZHO{d5U`<aP bcCit3_LabelCit3dpM;Jm7UF`a b ce kPappus length$Pappus length (mm) yes/noPappus_lengthM}*Opеdd5U`<a bc&Pappus leng&DCit 2p(BBf"p#ː~)NB'&DTillage 3x:BFO쵫#ː~)NB'&DCit 3Y CULTIVATIONCULTIVATION"[Event Procedure] Ariald2e12g237hghMS Sans Serifi1ghj1ghk1l23:m4n2o2p5r35zijMS Sans Serif{5`FormHeaderuhHMA{/@` Detail cBj!2Lm7UF`xa<bhce OBJID OBJIDy 'ZEZZv9\m7UF`Xaxbtce kSPPCODESPPCODEoUDGm 27UF`TaHbce kTillage 1Tillage 1Tillage_1nXNv wtd5UaHbcTillage 1_LabelTillage 1Tillage_1_Label=|SO2x#m7UF`adbce kCit1 Cit 1C$FsLELd5U`<adbcCit 1_Label Cit 1Cit_1_J8Jhw I YIEffect 2cV#ŁEX08Jhw I YICit 2c Nf)O`8Jhw I YISpecies 3L?VRx8Jhw I YIEffect 3a͵W@XHdX8Jhw I YICit 3ahcP4F jg N8Jhw I YIEffect 3b4JD*AF8Jhw I YICit 3bJ̎j{DީOi8Jhw I YIEffect 3c4 Ka #'8Jhw I YICit 3c 6A滉cOuSά516GgQDSPPCODEt.c᠙GNSά516GgQDscientific name"ݏN=Flg[q!K[Sά516GgQDsynonym 1j[Ld~Sά516GgQDsynonym 29G~^Sά516GgQDsynonym 3C}`{MEf=}Sά516GgQDcommon name 1!,VEuSά516GgQDcommon name 2LOE8e йSά516GgQDcommon name 3;`XH$*~2Sά516GgQDcommon name 4 A NAMES NAMES Ariald2e12g237hghMS Sans Serifi1ghj1ghk1l23:m4n2o2p5r35zijMS Sans Serif{5`FormHeader->I4OuW6` Detail3ÛhJŎVߒb m7UF`axb ce OBJID OBJID~OC`64d5U`<axbcOBJID_Label OBJIDԹ D~5v%m7UF`ab ce kSPPCODESPPCODEiFaQFGINd5U`<abcSPPCODE_LabelSPPCODEɠMLgm7UF`aHb ce kscientific namescientific namescientific_nameQ/WJuE_EDd5U`<aHbc*scientific name_Labelscientific name*scientific_name_Label8}'K"ݿ8m7UF`ab ce k4previous scientific name 1synonym 14previous_scientific_name_1G]lOzHb*d5U`<abc@previous scientific name 1_Labelsynonym 1@previous_scientific_name_1_LabelNG]I߄(0!qm7UF`ab ce k4previous scientific name 2synonym 24previous_scientific_name_2e(gK+y-d5U`<abc@previous scientific name 2_Labelsynonym 2@previous_scientific_name_2_Label">JJ$ʴd5U`<aP bc&common name 2_Labelcommon name 2&common_name_2_Label Fjm7UF`a b ce kcommon name 3common name 3common_name_3#z5lN,aNd5U`<a bc&common name 3_Labelcommon name 3&common_name_3_LabeloCMЕCMLm7UF`a b ce k common name 4common name 4common_name_4Nn~@'cad5U`<a bc&common name 4_Labelcommon name 4&common_name_4_LabelEZC1`FormFooter΍w~hD*ܫ|j  ڭ ڭHͬ,k5VDr#SOqFormHeaderDetailmOBJIDd OBJID_LabelmSPPCODEd SPPCODE_Labelmscientific_namescientific named scientific_name_Labelscientific name_Labelmprevious_sciF|&vm7UF`axbtce kSPPCOD"K[ESPPCODE<9EO`mFTm 27UF`aHbce k Mow 1 Mow 1 Mow_14ŨP8)/ rJdeghijklmnoprz{ mdmdmdmdm{'d5U`<aP bcTillage 3_LabelTillage 3Tillage_3_Label,T0N!7eOm7UF`al bce kCit3 Cit 3~y<`A;}d5U`<al bcCit 3_Label Cit 3Cit_3_Labeljl&Lr8h1U` adbhc,iCommand16Command16"[Event Procedure](ڭ          ڭ ڭڭHOpen Form!$#jFaW9Nh1U` abhc,i Commandvasion_rateh}/6Dd5U`<a bcBmax estimated invasion rate_Label6max estimated invasion rateBmax_estimated_invasion_rate_LabelT,JCcgVI:m7UF`tab ce k6min estimated invasion rate6min estimated invasion ratemin m/yr6min_estimated_invasion_rate"Ţ*T%I<礴d5U`<abc17Command17"[Event Procedure](ڭ          ڭ ڭڭ#K[HOpen Form K>2oN/h1U` al bhc,i Command18Command18"[Event Procedure](ڭ          ڭ ڭڭHOpen FormAGM Q|o05UDbc0 dden l)%VNCombo19Value List1440o05UDbc0 den 8h헻G7ٺaCombo21Value ListBmin estimated invasion rate_Label6min estimated invasion rateBmin_estimated_invasion_rate_Label"AI8m7UF`axb ce k 8mean estimated invasion rate8mean estimated invasion ratem/yr8mean_estimated_invasion_rate,taTAcbwMd5U`axbcDmean estimated invasion ratOEg8Jhw I YISpecies 4Y4M_AwvE8Jhw I YIEffect 4ad:I[%(8Jhw I YICit 4aRnI;AթF8Jhw I YIEffect 4bm|p:AU0!MoI8Jhw I YICit 4bq؎B?8Jhw I YIEffect 4c>ā_MDQ!8Jhw I YICit 4ccLKv Iɟ>8Jhw I YISpecies 5nҖ0O눊u8Jhw I YIEffect 5a1440o05UDbc0 dl en |JDJp>Combo23Value List1440`FormFootert [ACy&rmForm_B LIFEFORMForm_B LIFYKNIEEQUIGWDETMDTHDI`A`KᘪN7N@E QQ'WBT@"SHyMOka M^.QELCBANKG`I7LjBNJkVBQUQKYBDYNYDBUXAXZDOFWATYBkV`jjQY`DaDU`U5A`ZOUoWTB($y($_ UMR L( %SITYG M LN@ "NPR I$YRBUTDV_SJEOB@XDNKCL`7Di^BKQR a6Vm2VJ`gX!CU JHIOI'_ 1bN JUVE\f{5`FormHeaderj&L/z` Detailۓ2@C>3W1m7UF`$abXce OBJID OBJIDD0M͞qym7UF`axbce kSPPCODESPPCODErEˏl\m 27UF`aHbpce kCover Class aCover Class aCover_Class_aOCVK)#m7UF` abe kCita Cit avdC?i;m 27UF`adbpce kCover Class bCover Cla08w=Babc0*e g:hi j.k$[SPPCODE]='CHOJUN'Ux2@NԕU7GqϪ  U8)/ rJbI}ro@D HABITAT[BĘfCx2!8)/ rJbISPPCODEh5-FU'8)/ rJbIHabitatType aᧇ=G#b.8)/ rJbIC$K[it 1a >\D~E8)/ rJbIHabitat Type b;GvNGb8)/ rJbICit 1bF@`IV4KCit3mCit1m cit2mCit3o$A` $ RATEForm_E DISTURBANCEForm_E DISTURBANCEForm_R REPRODUCTIVE AGEForm_R REPRODUCTIVE AGEForm_S PROPAGULEForm_S PROPAGULEForm_U FIREForm_U FIREForm_V HERBICIDEForm_V HERBICIDEForm_W MOWForm_W MOWForm_X COMPETITIONForm_X COMPETITIONForm_X GRAZEFBlobDelta^ 199e \Blob :PropDatabdorm_X GRAZEForm_Y CULTIVATIONForm_Y CULTIVATIONForm_Z BIOLOGICAL CONTROLForm_Z BIOL@T 0|||@Xi  @\ 0@` )1e kCommentsCommentsU}0Iɖ^d5U`<abcComments_LabelCommentse3lF@m7UF`aP b~ce kcitationcitationD=ixd5U`<aP bccitation_LabelcitationnK,Sh1U` aP b,c,iCommand16Command16"[Event Procedure](uvd ave_density_of_juv_Labelave density of juv_Labelmmin_density_of_juvmin density of juvd  min_density_of_juv_Labelmin density of juv_Labelm max_density_of_juvmax density of juvd  max_density_of_juv_Labelmax density of juv_Labelm std_error_of_ave_juvstd error of ave-juvd  std_error_of_ave_juv_Labelstd error of ave-juv_Labelmcommentsd comments_Labelmcitationd citation_LabelFormFooterh Command16abelmadult_seed_producingadult-seed producingd adult_seed_producing_Labeladult-seed producing_Labelmcommentsd comments_Labelmcitationd citation_LabelFormFooterh Command20OBJIDbOGICAL CONTROLForm_J SEED DISPERSAL MECHANISMFdeghijklmnoprz{ mmdmdmdmde_Label8mean estimated invasion rateDmean_estimated_invasion_rate_Labeld(EySum 27UF`ab ce k CommentCommentv8`vF)~@d5U`a%K[bcComment_LabelComment("N`qm7UF`abhce k citationcitation/Q U2NN*!#d5U`abccitation_Labelcitation!"a@>i?h1U`ab2cni CommanW:Mm7UF`Habce kSpecies 1Species 1Species_1 RCqEQ!+"m 27UF`| abLce kEffect 1aEffect 1aEffect_1a#0\L$m7UF`@ab8ce k Cit1a Cit 1aX66{Lǃm 27UF`| a bLce kEffect 1bEffect 1bEffect_1b6T'PG;aW Am7UF`@ab8ce k Cit1b Cit 1b2=r!Cbܼ;m 27UF`| atbLce kEffect 1cEffect 1cEffect_1cV#AO-{z2m7UF`@a\b8ce k Cit1c Cit 1c:}m 27UF`| a.bLce k Effect 2aEffect 2aEffect_2ak@';Zhgm7UF`@ab8ce k Cit2a Cit 2aY+KOLYum7UF`Ha bce kSpecies 3Species 3Species_3 BJBv\m 27UF`| a bLce kEffect 3aEffect 3aEffect_3a FPG!m7UF`@a b8ce k Cit3a Cit 3a:1iA캠gm 27UF`| a bLce kEffect 3bEffect 3bEffect_3b+ @m2,m7UF`@a b8ce k Cit3b Cit 3bGwHGZܜt3Cit 2/5:J@ƕXvEb7cDܜt3Herbicide 3Vsb8G;+uEb7cDܜt3Cit 3V HERBICIDEHERBICIDE"[Event Procedure] Ariald2e12g237hghMS Sans Serifi1ghj1ghk1l23:m4n2o2p5r35zijMS Sans Serif{5`FormHeader"\ES^12` Detaill䤗Lexmark X74-X758䤗 䤗T9Lexmark X74-X75Auto Lexmark X74-X75 on DJ5BD421\\DJ5BD421\Lexmark X74-X75d2e12g237hghMS Sans Serifi1ghj1ghk1l23:m4n2mdmdmdmdhdorm_J SEED DISPERSAL MECHANISM&K[< ͬ,oxv(Ir DetailFormHeaderFormFootermscientific_namescientific named scientific_name_Labelscientific name_Labelmsynonym_1synonym 1m synonym_2synonym 2m synonym_3synonym 3m common_name_1common name 1mcommon_name_o2p5r35zijMS Sans Serif{5`FormHeader5yN@OfB` Detail6aQHd&6&m7WF`Tab ce scientific namescientific namescientific_name]}o@Wv7d5]`<abc*scientific name_Labelscientific name*scientific_name_LabelB91 K> P m7UF`,ahbce ksynonym 1synonym 1synonym_1nD Oowm7UF`,abce ksynonym 2synonym 2synonym_2C+=HIG;klm7UF`,a8bce ksynonym 3synonym 3synonym_38^ BJHkm7UF`,abce kcommon name 1common name 1common_name_1q1?Cm7UF`abce kcommon name 2common name 2common_name_2m7UF`aXkSPPCODESPPCODE2[ADejd5U`xabucLabel21SPPCODE:M@,OyO)֣h1U`<abci Command22Life Form"[Event Procedure]ρIIRh1U`abci Origin Origin"[Event Procedure]_%KN\:uh1U`xabci HabitatHabitat"[Event Procedure] ld NE!fh1U`xabci SeedProductionSeed Production"[Event Procedure]XQ th_LabelPappus length&Pappus_length_Label%E/ rm7UF`a bcek Cit 4 Cit 4 Cit_4EyI犦Swd5U`<a bcCit 4_Label Cit 4Cit_4_Label@?J5Uh1U`abnc2i Command30Command30"[Event Procedure](ڭ  ific name 3_LabelsynͬYHgAs#~/FormHeaderDetailmOBJIDmSPPCODEmTillage_1Tillage 1d Tillage_1_LabelTillage 1_Labeld  Cit_1_LabelCit 1_Labelm Tillage_2Tillage 2d  Tillage_2_LabelTillage 2_Labeld  Cit_2_LabelCit 2_LabelmTillage_3Tillage 3d Tillage_3_LabelTillage 3_Labeld Cit_3_La(K[belCit 3_LabelFormFooterh Command16h CQDsynonym 3C}`{MEf=}Sά516GgQDcommon name 1!,VEuSά516GgQDcommon name 2LOE8e йSά516GgQDcommon name 3;`XH$*~2Sά516GgQDcommon name 4滉cOuSά516GgQDSPPCODE A NAMESStart Form Arial8 hAuto L>E戅Sm7UF`<a<bce OBJID OBJID ~ NkXm7UF`axbtce kSPPCODESPPCODEʸvItח/m 27UF`aHbce kHerbicide 1Herbicide 1Herbicide_1^hDe2d5U`<aHbc"Herbicide 1_LabelHerbicide 1"Herbicide_1_LabelzNF죆m7UF`@aV b8ce k Cit3c Cit 3c30A؟) m7UF`Ha,bce kSpecies 4Species 4Species_4icpPOm 27UF`| a6bLce kEffect 4aEffect 4aEffect_4a=TfKW)?m7UF`@a,b8ce k Cit4a Cit 4a^-nNbmS䮙m 27UF`| abLce kEffect 4bE)K[ Seed Discription"[Event Procedure]DCD1P_h1U`<a bciSeedDispersalSeed Dispersal"[Event Procedure] Bi#P(h1U`a bci$DispersalMechanism&Dispersal Mechanism"[Event Procedure]{M Bh1U`<abciSeedGermination Seed Germination"[Event Procedure]7LH9O Cit 1Cit_1_LabelDzίD]H)Eyrm 27UF`abce kHerbicide 2Herbicide 2Herbicide_2s,^Ahd5U`<abc"Herbicide 2_LabelHerbicide 2"Herbicide_2_Label"DeJR|Jm7UF`ab2ce kCit2 Cit 2unCơzd5U`<abcCit 2_Label Cit 2Cit_2_LabelS"(^I;ޒ*\^m 27UF`aP bce kHerbicide 3Herbicide 3Herbicide_3LAYBd5U`<aP bc"Herbicide 3_LabelHerbicide 3"Herbicide_3_LabelUEE Tm7UF`al b2ce kCit3 Cit 3njO>V"d5U`<al bcCit 3_Label Cit 3Cit_3_LabeleO8wh1U`@ adb,c,iCommand16Command16"[Event Procedure](ڭ          ڭ ڭڭHOpen Form9+SM*!h1U`@ ab,c,i Command17Command17"[Event Procedure](ڭ          ڭ ڭڭHOpen Form GjP9h1U`@ al b,c,i Command18Command18"[Event Procedure](ڭ        ffect 4bEffect_4b62DҔ@l 6.m7UF`@ab8ce k Cit4b Cit 4bǚMPA1Vnm 27UF`| abLce kEffect 4cEffect 4cEffect_4cf=ϖJoDom7UF`*K[@ab8ce k Cit4c Cit 4cIپ"PJIm7UF`Habce kSpecies 5Species 5Species_5<⎣J1Ȫvm 27UF`| abLce kEffect 5aEffect 5aEffect_5aڹtO^"Jm08=Babce ghipj.k$[SPPCODE]='CHOJUN'Mx2@|$%F;   UsIS}C؁AvBM Mlz@U FIREsPEo`wsIS}C؁AvBMOBJIDNVŞHD#fsIS}C؁AvBMSPPCODE"GTR(sIS}C؁AvBMFire 1ŒEB rsIS}C؁AvBMCit 1PF)RB8[~sIS}C؁AvBMFire 2@@PȢrsIS}C؁AvBMCit 2}6\  ڭ ڭڭHOpen Form(#xI.UjJo05UDbc dde8n K~(G5nCombo19Value List1440o05UDbc de8n <8Ed߾Combo21Value List1440o05UDbc dl en ,ȷS$J9޾2Combo23Value List1440`FormFooter1yȕK$ _7, 654, C Form_U FIRE=127, 18, 986, 909, C Form_V HERBICIDE=201, 25, 974, 895, C Form_W MOW=0, 0, 859, 648, C Form_X COMPETITION=189, 156, 1048, 804, C Form_X GRAZE=54, 70, 913, 718, C Form_Y CULTIVATION=3, 25, 862, 673, C Form_Z BIOLOGICAL CONTROL=87, 17, 856, 726, Form_J SEED7UF`@ab8ce k Cit5a Cit 5a%@SOPm 27UF`| a[bLce k!Effect 5bEffect 5bEffect_5b=RMaZ̛/m7UF`@aYb8ce k" Cit5b Cit 5b6GOY@&m 27UF`| abLce k#Effect 5cEffect 5cEffect_5cF AL+08 m7UF`@ab8ce k$ Cit5c Cit 5c`x| K5P,zh1U`ab,cDi%Command75Command75"[Event ProcedurOR귨. sIS}C؁AvBMFire 3x5oOF<2sIS}C؁AvBMCit 3 U FIREFIRE"[Event Procedure] Ariald2e12g237hghMS Sans Serifi1ghj1ghk1l23:m4n2o2p5r35zijMS Sans Serif{5`FormHeaderRBwJ۷ߌ` DetailR8Oq:|Sm7UF`xaxbhce OBJID OBJIDTJ@W$m7UF` axbce kSPPCODESPPCODE|xrHֆ-mm 27WF`TaHbce k Fire 1 Fire 1 Fire_1h?sZ1LK d5]`<aHbcFire 1_Label Fire 1Fire_1_LabelejORm7UF`Tadbce kCit1 Cit 1(ݤ+kGMDckd5UadbcCit 1_Label Cit 1Cit_1_LabelpH`@_[b7m 27WF`Tabce k Fire 2 Fire 2 Fire_2hGVK9  Yzd5]`<abcFire 2_Label Fire 2Fire_2_LabelO!I>N2Ԗm7UF`Tabce kCit2 Cit 2"rC 0qd5UabcCit 2_Label Cit 2Cit_2_Labelֵ:(CR45m 27WF`TaP bce k Fire 3 Fire 3 Fire_3^'f}Bqvwd5]`<aP bcFire 3_Label Fire 3Fire_3_LabelQ/J/[ m7UF`Tal bce kCit3 Cit 3hz!@7d5Ual bcCit 3_Label Cit 3Cit_3_LabelI>Hh1U`@ adbhc,i+K[Command16Command16"[Event Procedure](ڭ          ڭ ڭڭe](ڭ          ڭ ڭڭHHOpen Form(Y8CCnh1U`@ abhc,i Command17Command17"[Event Procedure](ڭ          ڭ ڭڭHOpen FormxCZv4} h1U`@ al bhc,i Command18Command18"[Event Procedure](ڭ          ڭ ڭڭHOpen Form$T+uM[A"Ho05UDbc dde8n 'ww>K^AfCombo19Value List1440o05UDbc de8n aܜOJ*WL#Combo21Value List1440o05UDbc dl e8n Y)G _XCombo23Value List1440`FormFooterѫ;yN687, 856, 726, Form_J SEdeghijklmnoprz{mmmdmdmdmdmdmdhhhooooUDGd5U`<abcSPPͬIIKxJWSf$_kFormHeaderDetailmOBJIDmSPPCODEmSpecies_1Species 1mEffect_1aEffect 1am Effect_1bEffect 1bm08=Babce gh8ipjY.k%$[SPPCODE]='CHOJUN'gׂx2@k@{,>p U,eHs@3eB9}z@X GRAZEڳL03^1,eHs@3eBOBJIDd)TCNKmswU,eHs@3eBSPPCODEWYKv7J%,eHs@3eBGraze 1t'B lF,eHs@3eBCit 1v!FjC("},eHs@3eBGraze 2OCsLFS!ѹ,eHs@3eBCit 2 MSK(\,eHs@3e,K[BGraze 3+b IWb,eHs@3eBCit 3X GRAZE GRAZE"[Event Procedure] Ariald2e12g237hghMS Sans Serifi1ghj1ghk1l23:m4n2o2p5r35zijMS Sans Serif{5`FormHeadercxgL =\` DetailDJeqm7UF`<axb,ce OBJ ,  f  fo .;6'9!"#$=8(X)*+?-04c123>sA:#GFXjBCDEHJKIOLMNP[QRSVbZ\h]^_`acedliTwkmnv]|}~Open Form;FZE@gVo05UDcl den\N) & List1Value List1440d5U`abcLabel15Citation _C/LK`FormFooterKB;MLzu ED DI08=Babce ghij,k$[SPPCODE]='CHOJUN'(x2@Q?rEQoG U) #9{G?!~{;Ёzz@X COMPETITIONyY*I@yu) #9{G?!~{;OBJID85Hر=8ÄY) #9{G?!~{;SPPCODEʱGMx?Gx) #9{G?!~{;Competition 1OxGLBxY5) #9{G?!~{;Cit 1OQGU^=">_) #9{G?!~{;Competition 2l-UF}) #9{G?!~{;Cit 21s 7C=W) #9{G?!~{;Competition 3AlNMHvÉs) #9{G?!~{;Cit 3X COMPETITIONCOMPETITION"[Event Procedure] Ariald2e12g237hghMS Sans Serifi1ghj1ghk1l23:m4n2o2p5r35zijMS Sans Serif{5`FormHeaderԳ2XnOƤϢ`Open FormvBq}r-h1U`a b,cDi&Command76Command76"[Event Procedure](ڭ          ڭ ڭڭ DetailH`X%L[Zn5Fm7UF`xaxbce OBJID OBJIDkXM݊k-m 27UF`axbc,e kSPPCODESPPCODEjJ3m 27UF`abce kCompetition 1Competition 1Competition_1+'I|Td5U`<abc&Competition 1_LabelCompetition 1&Competition_1_Label^*C=UAA@m7UF`abce kCit1 Cit 1SBEqod5U`<abcCit 1_Label Cit 1Cit_1_LabelLd69@fw=m 27UF`abce kCompetition 2Competition 2Competition_2V@N\J%ad5U`<abc&Competition 2_LabelCompetition 2&Competition_2_LabelR]EF2`!(^m7UF`a bce kCit2 Cit 2*IK -K[Jd5U`<a bcCit 2_Label Cit 2Cit_2_Label}KÐ$Vam 27UF`a bce kCompetition 3Competition 3Competition_3˗XM^)0Id5U`<a bc&Competition 3_LabelCompetition 3&Competition_3_Label[oTJ7cx_m7UF`a bce kCit3 Cit 3TD:D9*h<ňd5U`<a bcCit 3_Label Cit 3Cit_3_LabelG@V'\h1U` ab,c,iCommand16Command16"[Event Procedure](ڭ          ڭ ڭڭHOpen Form lׇHPDL)!h1U` a b,c,i Command17Command17"[Event Procedure](ڭ          ڭ ڭڭHOpen Form٢puN do#sh1U` a b,c,i Command18Command18"[Event Procedure](ID OBJIDI@qM%/{D{m7UF`axbce kSPPCODESPPCODE{X!E'7 Pm 27UF`aHbce kGraze 1Graze 1Graze_1nR-MSud5U`<aHbcGraze 1_LabelGraze 1Graze_1_LabelO2Km7UF`adbce kCit1 Cit 1r=_DO=d5U`<adbcCit 1_Label Cit 1Cit_1_Label !Ix/14m 27UF`abce kGraze ڭ          ڭ ڭڭHOpen FormቢǯI 4Qo05UDbc den JzQHIG+Combo19Value List1440o05UDbc d en lp IqLPjCombo21Value List1440o05UDbc d en kіG @6Combo23Value List1440`FormFooter)ͼ*~+C*-A>!"1dYdd d@4 ttt@:82Graze 2Graze_24?aIbd5U`<abcGraze 2_LabelGraze 2Graze_2_Label]zM~Hp6m7UF`abce kCit2 Cit 2L$9'TwDa>\d5U`<abcCit 2_Label Cit 2Cit_2_Label;Zu{HTK m 27UF`aP.K[ bce kGraze 3Graze 3Graze_34RZD@d5U`<aP bcGraze 3_LabelGraze 3Graze_3_Labela[^ vss bCover_Class_bv+/E}oaZm7UF` abe kCitb Cit b b-EsG_ m 27UF`a0 bpce k&Disturbance level c&Disturbance level c&Disturbance_level_c)AfXm7UF` al be kCitc Cit c͈IH#+'Ym 27UF`aLbpce k&Disturbance level d&Disturbance level d&Disturbance_level_dҫ-M/.ilmOBJIDmSPPCODEmCompetition_1Competition 1d Competition_1_LabelCompetition 1_Labeld  Cit_1_LabelCit 1_Labelm Competition_2Competition 2d  Competition_2_LabelCompetition 2_Labeld  Cit_2_LabelCit 2_LabelmCompetition_3Competition 3d Competition_3_LabelCompetition 3_Labeld Cit_3_LabelCit 3_LabelFormFooterh Command16h Command17h Command18oCombo19oCombo21oCombo23HOpen FormbᷱFcF!=Ah1U`atb,cDi'Command77Command77"[Event Procedure](ڭ m7UF` abe k Citd Cit dAEǂHڱzm 27UF`ahbpce k &Disturbance level e&Disturbance level e&Disturbance_level_e3:]'Nsp{'m7UF` abe k Cite Cit eSћ3&5.BB>ʬNm 27UF`ab| ce k $Disturbance type f$Disturbance type f$Disturbance_type_fe͞LUWU}m7UF`8"a8be k Citf Cit f$HuEV"h1U`abciSeedBankSeed Bank"[Event Procedure]-_J=h1U`<a bciSeedlingDensity Seedling Density"[Event Procedure]=Ozh1U`a bci Juvenile Density Juvenile Density"[Event Procedure] Juvenile_DensityMVKG}h1U`xa bciAdult DensityAdult Density"[Event Procedure]Adult_DensityqV>K{NW;h1U`<abciSurvivorshipSurvivorship"[Event Procedure]HSurvivorshipnh,`Jak+h1U`abciTransitionsTransitions"[Event Procedure]_Bڜ!Mh1U`xabciReproductiveAge Reproductive Age"[EMڅ2.K6m7UF`al bce kCit3 Cit 3$7G#y_dwd5U`<al bcCit 3_Label Cit 3Cit_3_LabelY6%JUx3h1U` adb,c,iCommand16Command16"[Event Procedure](ڭ          ڭ ڭڭvent Procedure]P8)/ rJbICit 1ec#d4nJ!S,8)/ rJbIHabitat Type f_~D0Bw8)/ rJbICit 1ft[FIH""8)/ rJbexmark X74-X75 on DJ5BD4䤜X䤗Lexmark X74-X758䤗 䤗T9Lexmark X74-X75Auto Lexmark X74-X75 on DJ5BD421\\DJ5BD421\Lexmark __SRP_az__SRP_bw__SRP_ej__SRP_f"X74-X75d2e12g237hghMS Sans Serifi1ghj1ghk1l23:m4n2o2p5r35zijMS Sans Serif{5`FormHeader5yN@OfB` Detail6aQHd&6&m7WF`Tab ce scientific namescientific namescientific_name]}o@Wv7d5]`<abc*scientific name_Labelscientific name*scientific_name_LabelB91 K> P m7UF`,ahbce ksynonym 1synonym 1synonym_1nD Oowm7UF`,abce ksynonym 2synonym 2synonym_2C+=HIG;klm7UF`,a8bce ksynonym 3synonym 3synonym_38^ BJHkm7UF`,abce kcommon name 1common name 1common_name_1q1?Cm7UF`abce kcommon name 2common name 2common_name_2<0K[e*1C2?uX5m7UF`,a bce kcommon name 3common name 3common_name_3`x"@I?Vm7UF`a bce kcommon name 4common name 4common_name_4 kΪB '`>m7UF`aXkSPPCODESPPCODE2[ADejd5U`xabucLabel21SPPCODE:ꀀڭ          ڭ ڭڭHO         ڭ ڭڭHOpen Form@'.Jg.o05UDbc defn(SR^SLFM@,OyO)֣h1U`<abci Command22Life Form"[Event Procedure]ρIIRh1U`abci Origin Origin"[Event Procedure]_%KN\:uh1U`xabci HabitatHabitat"[Event Procedure] ld NE!fh1U`xabci SeedProductionSeed Production"[Event Procedure]XQFLזMm7UF`a8bHce kcitationcitationqoWN_5Od5U`Dabccitation_Labelcitation8AhtL"j2U`ati(explosive dehiscence(explosive dehiscence(explosive_dehiscenceΞ,Fk\d5U`abc4explosive1K[ dehiscence_Label(explosive dehiscence4explosive_dehiscence_LabelDREJZxYj2U`aiwindwindk4Le%fGd5U`abcwind_Labelwind?RqHG`uyrvj2U`ai water watertnGO=6<^6d5U`abcwater_Label water %3*VDu.MQj2U`a$ igravitygravityV@q!d5U`abcgravity_Labelgravity 7L%TCsu*pxj2U`aP i birds birds61V@GgOx='d5U`aP bcbirds_Label birdspllArxTuj2U`a imammalsmammals ~kNZ=KJd5U`a bcmammals_LabelmammalsjħNlj2U`a i insectsinsects~:lAJUd5U`a bcinsects_LabelinsectsPwDnG Yj2U`aLi machinerymachineryU~HvoOmhsid5U`aLbcmachinery_LabelmachineryTI;#ݡj2U`axi "contaminated crop"contaminated crop"contaminated_crop}_MZ@㌬d5U`axbc.contaminated crop_Label"contaminated crop.contaminated_crop_Label+x٥VhLg)-r]j2U`ai vehiclesvehiclesR@)lTL`d5U`abcvehi] Juvenile_DensityMVKG}h1U`xa bciAdult DensityAdult Density"[Event Procedure]Adult_DensityqV>K{NW;h1U`<abciSurvivorshipSurvivorship"[Event Procedure]HSurvivorshipnh,`Jak+h1U`abciTransitionsTransitions"[E e     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Nj2U`a iRosetteRosettezA# G!{d5U`<a bcRosette_LabelRosettefNjJDDܘSj2U`4a bi 0Rosette-Dispersal stage?0Rosette-Dispersal stage?0Rosette_Dispersal_stage_}~kG2!Qd5U`<a bcxH,FIԄxe] `6 A8 `FormFooter仚FJb t9,RHUFQWLLPIBJAEFITODVICEAJCMG:A,OEECAULIVVUNIERDBWBY_NWEVZMN:QFKUIUHPUHKRMDUPWLZVEELXPGTH:䤗Lexmark X74-X758䤗 䤗T9Lexmark X74-X75Auto Lexmark X74-X75 on DJ5BD421\\DJ5BD421\Lexmark X74-X75d2e12g237hghMS Sans Serifi1ghj1ghk1l23:m4n2o2p5r35zijMS Sans Serif{5`FormHeaderdY E] ('`| Detail/FG>e#m7UF`(a<ce SPPCODESPPCODE.Habitat code for lookup,yBHYB-Gm 27UF`(aHbHc,e kHabitatTypeHabitatType aYb$bC'"m7UF7K[`abe k Cit1a Cit 1ajoN+{!=7m7UF`(abfce kHo65Value List1440o05UDbc(d en ͵J NfDBJ# Combo67Value List1440o05UDbc(d en!hb[OGPsТ$Combo69Value List1440o05UDbc(den".mG,;oCombo71Value List1440h1U`abcni#cmdDist1Command73"[Event Procedure]( ڭ          ڭ ڭڭHOpen Form5j9\ELf,9h1U`abcni$Command74Command73"[Event Procedure](ڭ          ڭ ڭڭHOpen Form7q&|BKz|Vh1U`a0 bcni%Command75Command73"[Event Procedure](ڭ     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List184;1941440o05UDbc!def,nx>׃A5k%Combo46Value List190;194;185;1971440ڭڭHOp:K[en Form['M6Kly1 h1U`&abcni)Command81Command73"[Event Procedure](ڭ          ڭ ڭڭHo05UDbc!d| ef,nԴA'ׇ\wCombo47Value List1901440o05UDbc!dLef,nv8Ayb8Combo48Value List1901440o05UDbc!def,nL1AtF0 ҟCombo49Value List185;194;1961440o05UDbc!def,nɭD8pp=Combo50Value List1851440o05UDbc!def,n u\#Ag#i3Combo51Value List1851440d5U`(abtcLabel52Habitat Type(OJA[PuHd5U`abcLabel53Citation @eUБc`FormFooter 5e=ÔA`4&QtetailFormHeaderFormFootermscientific_namescientific named scientific_name_Labelscientific name_Labelmsynonym_1synonym 1m synonym_2synonym 2m synonym_3synonym 3m common_name_1common name 1mcommon_name_ڭ          ڭ ڭڭHOpen Form׎We:L+%h1U`ab,cDi-Command90Command77"[Event Procedure](ڭ          ڭ ڭڭHOpen FormƤ#4G,Zhh1U`a b,cDi.Command91Command77"[Event Procedure](ڭ          ڭ ڭڭHOpen FormajCNl@Wxh1U`a b,cDi/Command92Command92"[Event Procedure](ڭ          ڭ ڭڭHOpen Formq3 EЙV>h1U`a\ b,cDi0Command93Command77"[Event 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bcPublisher_LabelPublisherXDgEۀPm 27UF`ta b ce kPagePageն5KeE8q\d5U`<a bcPage_LabelPage\U/KBq|I j2U`ta i"Literature review"Literature review"Literature_reviewfQ\.NO _3Xd5U`<a bc.Literature review_Label"Literature review.Literature_review_Label/n ڣJHu"VGeBm 27UF`axb cte kcitationcitationMHl`d5U`axbccitation_Labelcitation[VCDB p`FormFooterg`.N'ꃖhnoprz{mdmdjdjͬ (^KpujT™FormHeaderDetailmOBJIDd OBJID_LabelmAuthord Author_Labelmyeard year_LabelmTitled  Title_Labelm PublicationNamed  PublicationName_Labelm Publisherd  Publisher_LabelmPaged Page_LabeljLiterature_reviewLiterature reviewd Literature_review_LabelLiterature review_Labelmcitationd citation<K[_LabelFormFooterο@deghijklڭ          ڭ ڭڭHOpen Formۤ BmGh1U`ab,cDi4Command97Command77"[Event Procedure](ڭ          ڭ ڭڭHOpen Form"hlI*{¼h1U`aTb,cDi5Command98Command77"[Event Procedure](ڭ          ڭ ڭڭHOpen Form GT o05UDbc d3en6[܄DR LSCombo99Value List1440o05UDbc den7;PWE) vjCombo100Value List1440o05UDbc d en8>)E俈Combo101Value List1440o05UDbc d en9RM!O;UX&`Combo102Value List1440o05UDbc d en:fvvHKvCombo103Value List1440o05UDbc d en;k_lH@JyO Combo104Value List1440o05UDbc d,en<O8+ DoT@Combo105Value List1440o05UDbc den=.LM"Combo106Value List1440o05UDbc den>Hj4@HQCombo107Value List1440o05UDbc deFGIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~n?G ;Combo108Value List1440o05UDbc d en@%n| @ECCombo109Value List1440o05UDbc denARR{DOjCombo110Value List1440h1U`ab,cDiBCommand111Command77"[Event Procedure](ڭ     Open FormOhGJTh1U`&a(bcni*Command82Command73"[Event Procedure](ڭ          ڭ ڭڭHOpen FormUJJCustomGroupsp77p77DataAccessPages 7777CCEBSBETQRNTRDNWIEBBMTQODPRG=K[: SUTAHO_PJBYFDEYBUKQFEICMSYBM: 1     ڭ ڭڭHOpen Form;3eAr, `FormFooterɮC]s. vmnoprz{ mdmdmdmdmdmdmdmdmdmdmdmdmdon"G SEENSEED PRODUCTION Ariͬ)fĖH4fFormHeaderDetailmSPPCODEmHabitatTypem Habitat_Type_bHabitat Type bmHabitat_Type_cHabitat Type cmHabitat_Type_dHabitat Type dmHabitat_Type_eHabitat Type emHabitat_Type_fHabitat Type fmHabitat_Type_gHabitat Type gm"Habitat_Type_hHabitat Type h&FormFooter'HabitatType a(Cit 1a1OBJIDo2Combo43o3Combo45o4Combo46o5Combo47o6Combo48o7Combo49o8Combo50o9Combo51h )CitCmd1Habh *CitCmd2Habh +CitCmd3Habh ,CitCmd4Habh -CitCmd5Habh :CitCmd6habh onCultivation"[Event Procedure])# LLPAbUh1U`xabci!"BiologicalControl$Biological Control"[Event Procedure]o,N?([yh1U`X a<bci"0ManagementSusceptibility2Management Susceptibility"[Event Procedure]-gC-[N 9mX$d5U`8axbdcLabel52Common NameyT5Dj>d5U`,axbtcLabelEffect_1cEffect 1cmSpecies_2Species 2mEffect_2aEffect 2amEffect_2bEffect 2bmEffect_2cEffect 2cm"Species_3Species 3m$Effect_3aEffect 3am(Effect_3bEffect 3bm,Effect_3cEffect 3cm0Species_4Species 4m2Effect_4aEffect 4am6Effect_4bEffect 4bm:Effect_4cEffect 4cm>Species_5Species 5m@Effect_5aEffect 5amDEffect_5bEffect 5bmHEffect_5cEffect 5cLFormFooterh MCommand75h NLIXRMBIHNUVKAESUVOWRMVGOSRDD:wk,YNPXNKLRFLHACEHZPAH__QXHLUPF:`W,VSBRNKLGSDHLBETDEPGLGCXFOLMN:I_,ECKSSQLKACNZNDHCXRDMLTHMKQJB:2,53Synonym? (JQ،vh1U`<abci#Command54Open Citations"[Event Procedure] `6 A8 `FormFooter仚FJb>K[ t,OEECAULIVVUNIERDBWBY_NWEVZMN: QFKUIUHPUHKRMDUPWLZVEELXPGTH:_VBA_PROJECTGdir__SRP_2H,__SRP_3pN?h1U`&a\ bcni+Command83Command73"[Event Procedure](ڭ          ڭ ڭڭHOpen Form(cQcKA0hl|h1U`&a bcni,Command84Command73"[E__SRP_015__SRP_1__SRP_15j __SRP_14rU~~~~~~~q           y   ( ) 8 i H  X Y3hXIUYIEUAWB0* pHdSpecies Demograp hics.@  =  \dPH J< 9stdole>stdole h%^*\G{00020430v-C 0046}?K[#2.0#0#C:\WINDOWS\System32\e2.tlb#OLE Automa0tion0hADODB> ADOBDDEB1D10-8DAA006D2EAJ4D1DPrm Files\CommonsM\ado\ms21NMicrosoft ActiveX Data Objects 2.1 Li`braryH Modul`e1Gdu1 IAIUTLGQNIUYIEUAWBVKFJEXGCLC28AAIUTLGQ*NBY@E@AWBVKFJEXC@ CBH@1~@BE,*b!B++B -2-2-NSHZRPKCAPNVODZ2Event Procedure](ڭ          ڭ ڭڭHOpen FormG+@85Oaw;h1U`&abcni-Command85Command73"[Event Procedure](SJCGGCNWDBHDB_-NSZPRP&C0P.VrZJCU*G@N0D0He_$-. -WForm_Star*tAGBF\rm_@tar_AVHJAEIKGJEUMDAGCUDRHDWHRWM_AWHVAWI2GYUMA[U@R@;D@2H@Lrt deghijklmnoprz{ mdmdmdmdmdmdmdmdmdmdJIDh'ЖN4΀aBHHNRpSPP`8΀aBHHNRpMow 1ͬ4MJ_CY*+FormHeaderDetailmOBJIDmSPPCODEmCover_Class_aCover Class am Cover_Class_bCover Class bmDisturbance_level_cDisturbance level cmDisturbance_level_dDisturbance level dmDisturbance_level_eDisturbance level emDisturbance_type_fDisturbance type fmDisturbance_type_gDisturbance type gm"Disturbance_type_hDisturbance type hm&Disturbance_type_iDisturbance type im*Disturbance_type_jDisturbance type jm.Disturbance_type_kDisturbance type k2FormFooterd 3Label48d 4Lab@K[el49o5Combo50o6Combo52o7Combo54d 8Label56o9Combo57o:Combo59o;Combo61o<Combo63o=Combo65o>Combo67o?Combo69o@Combo71h AcmdDist1h BCommand74h CCommand75h DCommand76h ECommand77h FCommand78h ICommand81h JCommand82h KCommand83h LCommand84h MCommand85mCitam CitbmCitcmCitdmCitfm Citgm$CiIMR DU'X@!K`GpZ@)DA"A0; ! #Y e)ITDISPQALG* Iak~D`S SRAp&GFSWNNCSZIHDBNHx_MakL74)랱 3W MOWG:`x%*WM@iWfVSBR`GSDHLBETDEPGLGCXFOLMNcV/B`cGD`L`EhD`jJ`S DD 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Demographicsstdole`ADODBs Module1b _Evaluate Module2c Form_StartFormgscientific_name_AfterUpdatemyBarc CommandBars  myControl{ControlsKAddrmsoControlComboBox>Id]AddItem  DropDownLinesY DropDownWidthFListHeaderCountCommand22_Click8Err_Command22_Click/j stDocNamezstLinkCriteriaYSPPCODEDoCmdƧOpenFormExit_Command22_ClickMsgBoxRErro Description  Origin_Click/Err_Origin_Click$Exit_Origin_Click$ Habitat_ClickErr_Habitat_ClickExit_Habitat_Click&Disturbance_ClickErr_Disturbance_ClickExit_Disturbance_ClickWSeedProduction_ClickErr_SeedProduction_ClickjExit_SeedProduction_ClickSeedDistribution_ClickhErr_SeedDistribution_ClickdExit_SeedDistribution_Click/$SeedDispersal_ClickErr_SeedDispersal_ClickeExit_SeedDispersal_Click\DispersalMechanism_ClickErr_DispersalMechanism_ClickExit_DispersalMechanism_Click`SeedGermination_ClickdErr_SeedGermination_ClickExit_SeedGermination_Click\SeedBank_Click'<Err_SeedBank_ClicksExit_SeedBank_ClickSeedlingDensity_ClickEErr_SeedlingDensity_ClickExit_SeedlingDensity_ClickJuvenile_Density_ClickErr_Juvenile_Density_Click Exit_Juvenile_Density_ClickAdult_Density_ClickRErr_Adult_Density_ClickXExit_Adult_Density_Click Survivorship_ClickpErr_Survivorship_Click\~Exit_Survivorship_ClickTransitions_Click9Err_Transitions_ClickeExit_TransitS4>![ = i G  iC6fY@#HYPPER1Year one of two year study.3262-"HYPPER<3Seedling to adult survivorship.32383!HYPPER<10323 HYPPERSeedlings are very slow growing.32250HYPPER1-4Low seedling survival attributed to competition.321KFHYPPERlow319HYPPERSeedlings are poor competitors.3184/DIPFUL14.7 - 27.6Two year old seed (with after ripening).314SN$$$DIPFUL2.0 - 11.919 -34+One year old seed (no after ripening). Rosette survivorship strongly related to rosette size.31400"EUPESU20Once seedlings established, most reach maturity.311IDCIRARV73-93297POTREC52-94During a dry year.2761,CARNUTMost plants die before flowering.27561CENSOL60263CENSOL40<6040% seed survival through winter; 80% seed survival through summer. 60% seedling survival over winter and 60% survival through spring. Parameters derived from Sheley and Larson '94.262CENSOLSeedling survivorship usually low due to self-thinning.254LGCENSOL606025 - 40Rosette mortality due to moisture stress and self-thinning. Adult survivorship is high in moderate environments and low in stressfyl environments.253$$CENSOL62<25Winter mortality of seedlings.249=8CENSOL18 - 70249!CENSOL25-40highWinter frost heaves can reduce seedling survivorship by as much as 60%.243ni CENSOL*50*15*25*Values calculated from reported population numbers in different life history stages over the study period.240  BROTEC*55*100*100*Values calculated from reported population numbers in different life history stages over the study period.240$ CYTSCO>20>80Low seedling survivorship at the center of populations. Higher survivorship near the edge of invading population.40 CYTSCOHigh mortality in seedling and juvenile stages.235D? CYTSCO0-476Review of Australian studies. Seedling survivorship is typically low, especially under an existing Scotch broom canopy.234 CYTSCO55Review of CA studies. Seedling survivorship is low, especially under an existing Scotch broom canopy.234~yCHOJUNHigh summer survival (to 100%) for bolting plants; low survival (0-20%) for mature, non-bolting plants. Difficult to determine survival because above-ground parts are shed during hot, dry summers. Roots sprout when conditions again become favorable.204 CHOJUN64-100Probably of surviving second winter. Field data from Australia.204`[CHOJUN0-36High summer mortality. Field data from Australia.204NICHOJUNvariablelow; mortality greatest in summer and early fallAustralian studies.203~~CHOJUN*31-60*47-66*Calculated from reported values for population size at different life history stages. Field data from Australia in area where biocontrol organisms and competitive pasture grasses well established..202&BROTEC9In sagebrush grasslands, 9% seedling establishment between shrubs.187YTBROTECvariableSeedling surviorship low in one site and approaching 100% in another. Pre-emergence mortality between 52-95%.183e>&to0 B x 2 ijO/jKISATIN35489JHIECAESeedling survival poor during high temperatures or when in competition with weed annuals.486niIHIEFLO40(+-)5 - 79(+-)5Suvivorship over 4 study years and variable topographic positions.485yt000HHIEFLO*0.008*93*Values derived from changing population densities in different life history stages of a model population. Non-flowering rosette survivorship = 93%.484 GANTSYL6Study in the Netherlands.4810+FANTSYL6479ECARNUT2.8Survival of late summer and winter cohorts of New Zealand population.463`[DCARNUT8.3Survival of fall cohort of New Zealand population.463MHCCARNUT95.2Winter survival of autumn cohort of Kansan population. High summer mortality followed.457snBCARNUTRosette survivorship is increased by a cover of Bromus japonicus litter.455]X@LEPLAT0Successful reproduction only observed in 2 out of 8 years. Seedling survival may be limited by lack of moisture.451?ABUTHE8-62In soybeans. Lower survivorship values associated with a pathogen (wilt) infection.442pk>ABUTHE42-56In corn.442'"=ABUTHE7.9Survivorship for the June germinating cohort. Study took place in agricultural fields in Spain.434zu<ABUTHE90.2Survivorship for the May germinating cohort. Study took place in agricultural fields in Spain.434{v;BUDDAV92For the cotyledon to 1st leaf stage (7 days).428FA:HERMAN*8*Calculated from population density values for emerging seedlings (spring) and summer seedlings. Under a canopy of adults.4239LINVULSeedling establishment is low.4173.8CYNOFF15-56Within native range.50.7CYNOFF23Within native range.414-(6CYNOFF11-20March through September only. Does not include winter mortality.412_Z5DIPFUL<86Rosettes <30cm diameter.4053.4TAMSPPlowSeedling need 2-4 weeks of saturated soils and are toleratant of submersion but not of flooding.399{v3TAMSPPlowSeedling survivorship is low. Seedlings need an absence of competition, 2-4 weeks of moist soils, full sun, and low stream velocities in order to establish.3982DAUCAR50-7550-75% of rosettes survive winter.387A<1DAUCARHigh winter seedling mortality observed.384>90RUBARM79 - 8658 - 72Higher survival rates were observed in high density populations than in low density populations. Clonal sprout survival = 93- 98%.380**/RUBARMDaughter (tip-rooted) survival = 100%.376<7.RUBARM15Survival in open locations. Assumed to be much lower in shaded locations and in dense thickets of R. armeniacus.376-EUPESU20373,ESPESUShoot survival (when emerging within a dense patch of E. esula) = 90%.368[V+EUPESU<14Dense population.368,'*EUPESU18367, 368)EUPESU18360'CYNOFF22-50180&TAMSPP*<10*<1*Calculated from seeding, juvenile, and adult life stage density data.339id%TAECAP>50328$HYPPER<10Survivorship is very low except during rare years.155MH > y Z 1   E WEUPESU74.4In a cultivated field.367, 3688.VEUPESU27.1In shrub community.367, 3685+UEUPESU66In grass.367, 368'THYPPER4Second year of a two year study.32672SBROTEC21Under shrub cover.187+&RSENJAC15172QCYTSCO3332PCARACAMost plants die before flowering.52261OTRITER*41.6*Calculated from pooled mortality counts for all seedling cohorts. Individual cohort survivorship rates ranged from 3.85-63.96%. Early emerging cohorts had greater survival rates. Study conducted on bare ground in native range (Spain) of species.506NCRUVULHigh survival from seedling to adult stages.498A<MCARPUBRoot fragments have low survivorship in dry soils.449GBLSONARVLow seedling survivorship. Survivorship is improved by a protective layer of plant litter.493, 496tj5 > @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @           !"# $%&')*+,-. / 0 1 2 3456789:;<=>?@BCDEF G!H"I#J$K%LMNOPQRSTU V W 5 > @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @           !"# $%&')*+,-. / 0 1 2 3456789:;<=>?@BCDEF G!H"I#J$K%LMNOPQRSTU V W  > @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ JLomWQJLomWQJLomWQJLomWQJbmkv^ Jbmkv^!LidmQMLidmQMLidmQM LidmQMLoOOJqMJiJMJMJibomMJibomMJibomMJibomMJibomMJifoLMQbkd^ MQbkd^ MQbkd^MQbkd^MQbkd^MQbkd^MQbkd^MQbkd^MWd[obMWd[obMWd[obMWd[obMWd[obMYiJiqMioqo^MvbdSSMvbdSSMvbdSSMvbdSSMvmkMdMvmkMdMvmkMd MvmkMd MvmkMdOJoMJi OJoMJi OYfSo^OYfSo^OYfSo^QkfQkoQofQkoQofQkoQofQkoQofQkoQofQkoQofQko QofQko QofQko WQi`JbWYQMJQ$WYQS^d"WYQS^d#WvffQiWvffQiWvffQiWvffQiWvffQiWvffQiWvffQi WvffQiWvffQiYkJmYb%^Qf^Jm^Ybqo^fdmiQMioLJi` ioLJi` ioLJi` kQb[JMkdbJiqmJQMJfmJ`kffmJ`kffmJ`kffmiYmQi                                                                                                               !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABC D E F G HIJKLMNOPQRSTMUNVOWPXQYRZT[S\U]V^Y_Z`\a]b^c_d`efghi[jXkdlemfnsotpuqvrys{tzu|v}wxyz{|}~hijklmno     ()*+,-./0123456789:;>?<= @ A D B CEFGHIJNKLMRS^_O`Z [!\"]#v$w%x&y'z({)|*}+~,-a.b/c0d1e2f3g456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~    v$w%x&y'z({)|*}+~,-a.b/c0d1e2f3g456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~S YN""Y   Y Y Q Y \ Y \ Y QId LValueObjectGuidObjectNameProperty Value\Q\Q\"#Q\Q\Q\"$Q\Q\Q\"%Q\YYYId$ObjectGuidProperty$ObjectNameProperty"Hv1b  ! ! ! qYN''Y Y  Y Y Y Y QY Y AttributesDataTypeFieldNameIndexTypeSkipColumn SpecID Start WidthQ\Q\'(Q\Q\Q\')Q\YY Index1PrimaryKeyv1 & & YN  ++ Y Y Y Y  Y \ Y QY Y \ Y \Y  Y  Q Y  \ Y  \DateDelim"DateFourDigitYear DateLeadingZerosDateOrderDecimalPointFieldSeparatorFileType SpecIDSpecNameSpecTypeStartRowTextDelimTimeDelim\Q\Q+,Q\YPrimaryKeyv1 * Y N..  Y  Y Qd Y Qd Y \d Y \d Y Qd Y Qd Y \, OBJIDSPPCODE$ave density of juv$min density of juv$max density of juv(std error of ave-juvcitationComments\Q\Q\.0Q\\Q\Q\.1Q\\Q\Q\.2Q\\Q\Q\.3Q\\Q\Q\.4Q\YYYYY juvenilecitation number OBJIDPrimaryKeySPPCODEv1b - g Y  l ?  HERMAN195423[HERMAN610423[DIPFUL7.15.5402Data for one population.:  RUBARM1.1 (+-) 0.21.5 (+-) 0.1380Clonal sprout densities. Low densities observed in low density populations; higher densities observed in high density populations.D>>& RUBARM0.8376Refers to density of daughter plants located within 4m of a R.armeniacus thicket.m TAMSPPseveral hundred33922,,,,G CIRARV20.3290G CENSOL26,875263 SCENSOL4,560714240$$gBROTEC*4,444240*Calculated from reported population values in each life history stage. Represents maximum juveniles present prior to mortality. CHOJUN191 (+-) 2.28457 (+-) 2.66219Field data from Australia.dHBB(CHOJUN500203Field data from Australia.6CHOJUN5202Field data from Australia in area where biocontrol organisms and competitive pasture grasses well established. -@@@:6:/:6</:8H/:>6/:>6/:B</:H6/<6:/ >:</ >:</  - B ////// / / 6F/:6</>@B6/D8/ kQqQiJ^WobOiQO/ - @ ///// / / / / / / / /  - @ ///// / / / / / / / / w - @ LidmQM/MQbkd^/MQbkd^/MWd[ob/MWd[ob/MWd[ob/MYiJiq/OYfSo^/ WQi`Jb/ WQi`Jb/ ioLJi`/ioLJi`/ mJ`kff/ Y7=N667/777777Y  Y Qd Y Qd Y \d Y \d Y Qd Y Qd Y \, OBJIDSPPCODEave densitymin densitymax density std error of avecitationCommentsQ\Q\Q69\QQ\Q\Q6:\QQ\Q\Q6;\QQ\Q\Q6<\QQ\Q\Q6=\QYYYYYmaturecitation number OBJIDPrimaryKeySPPCODEv1b 50L n 7  \ 1 g : e 6 Tj1TNn2fq~6HIEAUR3500483Stem density.+5HIECAE3,500483Stems density..3POTREC2.6739474Flowering stems per meter squared. Minimum density found in a population growing with Bromus inermis. 2LEPLAT2560451[1HERMAN4-51.314.5425For populations in the Czech Republic (invaded range). Roughly 16-29% of population is in the flowering stage.(""0HERMAN47423[/HERMAN0.51423[.LINVUL94160417Stems/m2 in natural populations.@-LINVUL700417Stems/m2 in fallow field.5,LINVUL300417Stems/m2 in competition with barley.@+DIPFUL13.09.8402Data for one population. Mature plants tend to be 0.5-1.5 m apart.f"*RUBARM525379Cane density.))RUBARM525373Cane density in a dense thicket.<(EUPESU836372Stem density.)'EUPESU149365368Stem densities in dense patches.B &EUPESU8.7 - 217988367Stem density. Eight year averages in several communities.g,&& %EUPESU10659200363Stem density. 9-16% of stable populations are from seed; 84-91% are from root buds.y$$EYPESU8.7 - 294.9360Eight year averages for several sites were from 8.7 to 294.9 shoots per meter squared. Most sites had <200 shoots/m2.*$$$$#CYNOFF8180S"CARDRA484342Shoots/m2.&!LEPLAT150340Stems per meter squared.4 TAMSPP<1several339&& [TAECAP>11,111338""STAECAP>11,111337""STAECAP5,556334Scabland population.4TAECAP47332, 333Scabland population.8"HYPPER2165323Measurements include juveniles.=HYPPER1237318[DIPFUL88315Dense population with no other plants present.HDIPFUL1310313Density of flowering stalks.:CIRARV17303High variablity due to inability to distinguish between genets and ramets. Densities as high as 43 (+-) 20 have been measured.CIRARV40293SCIRARV19-20291Moderate to high density infestationDCIRARV8.5290GCIRARV621289Range of shoot densities observed in this study.LSORHAL190281Shoot density. Johnsongrass become sod bound within 3 years.XPOTREC39276SACRREP100-300269Dense population.5"ACRREP200267Above this density, seedhead production declines.MCENSOL940147240 g BROTEC4,026812240$$g CHOJUN191501219Density related to soil fertility. Field data from Australia._  CHOJUN29156202Root crowns (clones)/m2. Field data from Australia in area where biocontrol organisms and competitive pasture grasses well established. BROTEC6,450315,000196,,&&_ BROTEC505,382191""[BROTEC56181Idaho population.+CYTSCO3.522.240Greater survival near edge of population than in center.Z BROTEC6,1511,07515,05418644.."_ 5h,c =TAECAP66722,222334In valley bottoms.:& <TAECAP139186332, 333In valley bottoms.>*;CARACA9522<90,000/ha":CRUVUL50249G9CARPUB50100342Rarely are populations denser than 50 stems/m squared.V8SONARV5.5491Stem density.)7HIEFLO3,700484Established, dense population. Includes seedlings, rosettes, and adults. 7-10% of population flowers. 5@@@@@@ @@@@    8F678F878FB78H878HB7:6:7:8H7:>67:>67:>H8:BD7 :BH7 :DB7 :F87 :FH7 :H67:H87:H<7<6<7<8<7<8@7<8F7<:<7<<:<<<7<<:<<<8<<>7<<>8<67<>:7<>:867>6:7%>8D7&>8D7'>8D7(>:<7)>:<7*>:@7+>@87,>D>7->F<7.>F<7/>F>8>H88@::8x 5 B!B!B!B!  @@@77777 7 7 7 7 777777777777&7'7(7)7*7,7-7.7/8888886B78<78<67%8>H7!8H:67>6:B7>@ 7+>D7@@@B7@68@68@:@7#@:@7$@B7B8@87B>@67F@7FD:8D7 FD:H>H7F671 5 @ @ @ @ @ @ @777 7 7 7 7 777 7 7 7 7 777777777777 7!7"7#7$7%7&7 '7!(7")7#*7$+7%,7&-7'.7(/7)07*17+27,37-57.67/788898:8;8<8=81 5 @ @ @ @ @ @ @777 7 7 7 7 777 7 7 7 7 777777777777 7!7"7#7$7%7&7 '7!(7")7#*7$+7%,7&-7'.7(/7)07*17+27,37-57.67/788898:8;8<8=8U 5 @ @ @ @ @ @ @JMiiQf7 JMiiQf7 LidmQM7LidmQM7LidmQM7LidmQM7LidmQM7MJiJMJ8MJiOiJ7MJifoL8MQbkd^7MWd[ob7MWd[ob7MYiJiq7 MYiJiq7MYiJiq7MYiJiq7MYiJiq7Mioqo^8MvbdSS7MvmkMd7OYfSo^7OYfSo^7OYfSo^7%QofQko7QofQko7 QofQko7!QofQko7"QvfQko7WQi`Jb7)WQi`Jb7*WQi`Jb7+WYQJoi7/WYQMJQ7.WYQS^d8WvffQi7WvffQi7^Qf^Jm7^Qf^Jm7,^Ybqo^7&^Ybqo^7'^Ybqo^7(fdmiQM7 fdmiQM7-ioLJi`7#ioLJi`7$kdbJiq8kdiWJ^7 mJQMJf7mJQMJf7mJQMJf7mJQMJf7mJQMJf8mJQMJf8mJ`kff7 YSWN??SSSSSY  Y d Y Qd Y \d Y \d Y Qd Y Q Y \d OBJIDSPPCODE seed %seedling %$juvenile/rosette %adult %CommentsCitationQ\Q\Q?\QQ\Q\Q?\QQ\Q\Q?\QYYY OBJID1PrimaryKeySPPCODEv1@ y YNPN AANNNNNY  Y d Y Qd Y \d Y \d Y Qd Y Qd Y \d Y \ Y  Qd OBJIDSPPCODEseed-seedling"seedling-juvenilejuvenile-adultseed-adultseedling-adult(adult-seed producingCommentsCitationQ\Q\QAE\QQ\Q\QAF\QQ\Q\QAG\QYYY OBJID1PrimaryKeySPPCODEv1@ u@#^   y :  e  ^hADods&P $ABUTHE0.08Transition rate for June cohort. Study took place in agricultural fields of Spain.434oj C #ABUTHE0.90Transition rate for May cohort. Study took place in agricultural fields of Spain.434ni C "CYNOFF0.05-0.25Within native range.586   !CYNOFF0.250.230.06<0.014135000&& _ DIPFUL0.040.770.01Juvenile-adult transition related to rosette size (0.08-0.90).407kf&&& ; DIPFULRosettes >30cm diameter-adult = 0.8; rosettes <30cm-adult = <0.32405VQ  DIPFUL0.23-0.58<0.01-0.05Juvenile-adult transition rates for two year old plants only.402xs4444   DIPFULRosettes need to reach 30cm diameter before flowering, regardless of age.402, 405cY  DAUCAR0.050.035Transition rates in young fallow field.386NI  S RUBARMAdult cane-seedling = 0.3-0.5; adult cane-daughter plant = 0.9-1.4280WR  EUPESU0.050.100.36Tranisiton values are based on literature reviews and are incomplete. Use with caution. (Adult-seed = 100.00; Adult-root bud = 50.00)364&&&&  EUPESU0.01363  CYNOFF0.07-0.40<0.01180/****  ' EUPESU0.01312  CIRARV0.67 - 1.0Low density population.309@;"" C CIRARV0 - 0.02High density population.309=8 C CIRARV.07 - .12307%  C CENSOL0.11304  CIRARV0.78-0.93303%  C CIRARVRoot bud--root shoot = 0.1962901,  SORHALAdult-rhizome = 0.72-1.0. Overwintering form at northern limit of range-1.0; non-overwintering form at northern limit of range-0.72278  POTREC0.03-0.86Adult-seedling = 0.5-2.0276?:   CARNUT0.350-0.46275'""" G CENSOL0.05Parameter derived from Sheley and Larson ' 94.262KF  CENSOL0.25249  CENSOL0.89 - 1.0246'"""""  CENSOL*0.37*Value calculated from reported population numbers at each life history stage during the study.240~y  BROTEC*0.96*Value calculated from reported population numbers at each life history stage during the study.240~y  CYTSCO0.330.02Field data from Australia.33>: G CYTSCO0.000019-0.0310.009-0.50.1-0.41Higher transition rates associated with population edges; lower transition rates associated with population centers.40LLLL<*  CHOJUNAdult-seedling = 250-350209-(  CHOJUN0.44-0.80Old root crowns that bolted. Field data from Australia in area where biocontrol organisms and competitive pasture grasses well established.202   CHOJUN0.50-0.63New root crowns that bolted. Field data from Australia.202^Y   BROTEC>0.50*0.72 (+-) 0.23*0.60 (+-) 0.22*Average and standard deviation for seedling-adult and adult-seed producing transition calculated from reported values for each study site for each year of the study. Percent adult survival measured in June (population tracked from August to June).198SNT6  BROTEC0-0.45183 # @u0~  2 E s  +40!]U DHIEFLO0.0050.1484# G BCARNUT0.028Late summer and winter cohorts of New Zealand population.463XS C ACARNUT0.083Fall cohort in New Zealand population.463E@ C @CARNUTAdult-seedling = 3870.462+&  ?CARNUT0.069Low density population, year two of a two year study of Kansan population.457id C >CARNUT0.198-0.652High density population, year one of a two year study of Kansan population.457vq$$ C =CARNUT0.431Low density population, year two of a two year study of Kansan population.457id C <CARNUT0.582-0.884Low density population, year one of a two year study of Kansan population.457up$$ C ;CARNUT<0.02457  :CARNUT0.18470.00910.0220Data from field studies in New Zealand. (Seedling = "small rosette"; juvenile = "medium rosette"; adult = "large rosette").Adult-seedbank = 62.18484562222&  9CARNUT0.00480.20830.0314Data from field studies in Australia. (Seedling = "small rosette"; juvenile = "medium rosette"; adult = "large rosette").Adult-seedbank = 8.30204562222&  8ABUTHE0.017- 0.037In soybeans, no herbicide. Reported in a previous study.436e`&& C 7ABUTHE0.012-0.21In soybeans with herbicides. Reported in a previous study.436c^"" C 6ABUTHE0.002-0.004In soybeans with herbicide. Reported in a previous study.436d_$$ C 5ABUTHE0.097-0.15In corn with herbicide. Reported in a previous study.436^Y"" C 4ABUTHE0.006-0.72In corn with herbicide. Reported in a previous study.436^Y"" C 3ABUTHE0-0.35In corn with herbicides and interrow cultivation. Reported in a previous study.436pk C 2ABUTHE0-0.22In corn with herbicides. Reported in a previous study.436WR C 1ABUTHE0.19-0.40No crop. Reported in a previous study.436MH   0ABUTHE0.31-0.38No crop. Reported in a previous study.436MH   /ABUTHE0.07In soybeans, no herbicide. Reported in a previous study.436UP  .ABUTHE0.08In corn/soybean rotation, no herbicide. Reported in a previous study.426b]  -ABUTHE0.17-0.22In corn, no herbicide. Reported in a previous study.436[V   ,ABUTHE0.11-0.38In soybeans, no herbicide. Reported in a previous study.436_Z   +ABUTHE0.11In soybeans, no herbicide. Reported in a previous study.436UP  *ABUTHE0.170.0032Transition values for population growing in alfalfa in four year rotation with soybeans, tricale/alfalfa, and corn.436"" G )ABUTHE0.330.012Transition values for population growing in triticale/alfalfa in four year rotation with soybeans, corn, and alfalfa.436  G (ABUTHE0.220.041Transition values for population growing in soybeans in four year rotation with corn, tricale/alfalfa, and alfalfa.436  G 'ABUTHE0.110.016Transition values for population growing in corn in four year rotation with soybeans, tricale/alfalfa, and alfalfa.436  G &ABUTHE0.220.003Transition values for population growing in soybeans in two year rotation with corn.436{v  G %ABUTHE0.310Transition values for population growing in corn in two year rotation with soybeans.436sn G@ t N  ; d  PDAUCAR0.05<0.01In an old fallowed field.386@;  S OCRUVUL0.90-0.98Emergence after dispersal.501A<   NCRUVUL0.85498  MISATIN0.0250.7400.2340.810Flowering adult-seed = 496. Adult rosettes distinguished from flowering adults.4896,,,"  LISATIN0.01-0.35Transition from seedling to flowering adult: 0.01 (one year old plants), 0.35 (surviving two year old plants), 0.12 (surviving three year old plants).487  C KHIEFLO0.0552-0.1495One cohort over a four year period. *Calculated based on reported % of 100 live plant each year.485((((  JHIEFLO*0.016-0.036Four year old plants. *Calculated based on reported % of 100 live plant each year.485z&&&&  IHIEFLO0.0392-0.084Three year old plants. *Calculated based on reported % of 100 live plant each year.485{&&&&  HHIEFLO0-0.0427Two year old plants. *Calculated based on reported % of 100 live plant each year.485vq  GHIEFLO0-0.0316One year old plants. *Calculated based on reported % of 100 live plant each year.485vq  FHIEFLO*Adult-vegetative buds = 8; vegetative buds-stolen rosettes = 0.35; stolen rosettes-adults = 0.61. *Values derived from changing population densities in different life history stages of a model population.484  EHIEFLO*0.11* Values derived from changing population densities in different life history stages of a model population. Seed to seedling transition includes seeds from soil seed bank as well as annual seed production.484 b @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @BBBBBBBB B B  B  B  B B BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB B!B"B #B!$B"%C&C'C(C)C*C+C,C-C.C /C 0C 1C 2C 3C4C5C6C7C8C9C:C;C<C=C>C?C@CACBCDCEDFDGDHDIDJDKDLDMDND OD PD b @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @BBBBBBBB B B  B  B  B B BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB B!B"B #B!$B"%C&C'C(C)C*C+C,C-C.C /C 0C 1C 2C 3C4C5C6C7C8C9C:C;C<C=C>C?C@CACBCDCEDFDGDHDIDJDKDLDMDND OD PD * @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @JLomWQB!JLomWQB"JLomWQCJLomWQCJLomWQCJLomWQCJLomWQCJLomWQCJLomWQCJLomWQCJLomWQCJLomWQC JLomWQC JLomWQC JLomWQC JLomWQC JLomWQCJLomWQCJLomWQCJLomWQCJLomWQCJLomWQCLidmQMBLidmQMBLidmQMBMJibomB MJibomCMJibomCMJibomCMJibomCMJibomCMJibomCMJibomCMJibomCMJibomCMJibomCMQbkd^BMQbkd^B MQbkd^B MQbkd^B MQbkd^BMWd[obBMWd[obBMWd[obBMYiJiqBMYiJiqBMYiJiqBMYiJiqBMYiJiqBMioqo^D Mioqo^D MvbdSSBMvbdSSBMvbdSSB MvmkMdBMvmkMdBOJoMJiBOJoMJiD OYfSo^BOYfSo^BOYfSo^BOYfSo^BQofQkoBQofQkoBQofQkoBWYQS^dCWYQS^dDWYQS^dDWYQS^dDWYQS^dDWYQS^dDWYQS^dDWYQS^dDYkJmYbDYkJmYbDfdmiQMB ioLJi`BkdiWJ^B yY?@NII?????&Y  Y d Y Qd Y \ Y \ Y Qd OBJIDSPPCODEAgeLongevitycommentscitationQ\Q\QIL\QQ\Q\QIM\QQ\Q\QIN\QYYY OBJIDPrimaryKeySPPCODEv1@  %H5_$b J  Q  M  y   Smb],6k8[i86POTREC1 year10 years476*$$/5ANCARV<4 years473+4ONOACA1-2 years470& '3CARNUT<1 year463"'2CARNUTSeed production is more closely correlated with rosette size than with age.456a[31CARNUT1-2 yearsSeed production is more closely correlated with rosette size than with age.455sm 7/ABUTHE<1year441 '.AEGCYL<1 year429"'-BUDDAV<1 year426, 427,',HERMAN<8Rarely lives to 12 years.4253-;+HERMAN>2 years423$'*LINVUL<1 yearRoots live for 4 years.417;55/)LINDAL<1 yearStems persist for <4.2 years, but patches can persist for more than 13 years.415rll/(CYNOFF1-3 yearsWithin native range.414<6 7'DIPFUL2-4 yearsPlants flower in two years in optimal locations and in 3-4 years in sub-optimal or competitive conditions.402, 405 7&CENCAL2 years395"'%LYTSAL>1 years392$'$LYTSAL8-10 weeks390("""'#DAUCAR>1 yearOn favorable sites, D. carota behaves as an annual. On poor sites, D. carota is a biennial or perennial.3877"RUBARM3 years380"'!CONARV<1 year359"' DAUCAR1-4 yearsPlants are annuals in high resources environment, but delay flowering for 3-4 years in resource poor environments.348 7LYTSAL<22 years347+CYNOFF2 yearsBiennial5, 180, 411, 413F&7BROINE60+ years345+LINVUL1.5 years341& 'LINDAL2 years3-5 years, but can persist through vegetative reproduction.341_YY/LEPLAT<1 year340, 446, 4486'TAMSPP3 years>75-100 yearsPlants may begin flowering as soon as 1 year, but most begin seed production at 3 years.339+?TAECAP1 year333, 338*'HYPPER1.5-2 years155*$$$'HYPPER2 years3-8 yearsBoth for sexual and asexual reproduction.323XR'?HYPPER2+ years318$'DIPFUL>1 yrsUp to 5 yrsReproductive only in the final year of life.314[U'?EUPESU>1 yr311, 367('CIRARV<1 yrIndefinite308*$$/CIRARV<1 yr303, 309('CIRARV<1 yrBegins vegatative reproduction at 7-9 weeks.302LF7CIRARVIndefinite294, 301*+SORHAL2 monthsRhizome production begins at 1 month; seed production at 2 months.277, 288rb7 POTRECup to 20+ years, but most <6 years276822+ ACRREP<1 year269"' CENSOL<1 year240, 243, 2636' CYTSCO10-15 years (up to 20 years)2352,,+ CYTSCO3 yearsup to 17 years2342,,/CYTSCO2-3 years233, 235, 236, 77B 'BROTEC12-15 years231!+CHOJUN3-4 years in native range; 20+ years in Australia.214HBB+CHOJUN<1 year204, 218,'BROTEC<1 year190, 240,'CYTSCO3-4 years40, 71, 'CYNOFF2+ years180$'CYSTCO2-4 years77$ '{ H |Mq@ @CARACA1-2 years522& '?CARACA<1 year520"'>CONMAC>2 years516, 517.'=CRUVUL<1 year498"'<SONARV1-2 years493, 4960 ';ISATIN>3 years490+:ISATIN1-2 years487, 4890 '9HIEFLO>1 year485"'8HIEFLO1 year484 '7ANTSYL2-4 yearsStudy in Netherlands. Flowering correlated with rosette size rather than age.481uo 7 H @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @JJJJJJJJ J J  J  J  J J JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ J!J "J!#J"$J#%J$&J%'J&(J')J(*J)+J*,J+-J,.J-/J.1J/2J03J14J25J36J47K8K9K:K;K<K=K>K?K@K  H @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @JJJJJJJJ J J  J  J  J J JJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJJ J!J "J!#J"$J#%J$&J%'J&(J')J(*J)+J*,J+-J,.J-/J.1J/2J03J14J25J36J47K8K9K:K;K<K=K>K?K@K  H @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @JLomWQJ.JMiiQfJ JQUMv^J-JbMJiqJ3Jbmkv^KLidYbQJLidmQMJLidmQMJLoOOJqJ,MJiJMJKMJiJMJK MJibomJ/MJibomJ0MJibomJ1MQbMJ^J%MQbkd^J MWd[obJMWd[obJMYiJiqJMYiJiqJMYiJiqJMYiJiqJMdbJiqJ Mdb`JMKMioqo^KMvbdSSJMvbdSSJMvbdSSJ'MvkmMdJMvmkMdJMvmkMdJMvmkMdJMvmkMdJ OJoMJiJOJoMJiJ"OYfSo^JOYfSo^J&QofQkoJWQi`JbJ*WQi`JbJ+WYQS^dKWYQS^dKWvffQiJWvffQiJWvffQiJYkJmYbKYkJmYbK^Qf^JmJ^YbOJ^J^YbOJ^J(^Ybqo^J^Ybqo^J)^vmkJ^J^vmkJ^J#^vmkJ^J$dbdJMJJ2fdmiQMJ fdmiQMJ4ioLJi`J!kdbJiqKkdiWJ^J mJQMJfJmJ`kffJ YNPP"Y  Y d Y Qd Y \d Y \d Y Qd Y Q Y \d OBJIDSPPCODEimportance(propagules per adultrates of spreaddensityCommentscitation\Q\Q\PVQ\\Q\Q\PWQ\\Q\Q\PXQ\YYY OBJID1PrimaryKeySPPCODEv1@ >OM L  S N 58\7Y/J CIRARVHorizontal roots extend up to 5m.30761CIRARVUp to 12 shoots per 6cm segment of root.306=8CIRARV95% or root fragments 1.27 cm long sprouted. Cuttings taken at the end of flowering had only 0-10% sprouting.305}CIRARVPrimary mode of reproduction.0.8 - 6 m/yrVegetative spread is highly dependent on environmental conditions and land management.303;;--CIRARV4-5 m diameter/2 yrs95% of 1-2 cm long by 0.3-0.6 cm wide root fragments will sprout.302lg$$CIRARV4-6 m/yr3-6 mm sections of root will sprout.301C>CIRARV1-2 m/yearEach meter of root contains 12.8-24.4 root buds and produces an average of 8 shoots.297upCIRARV150 (+-) 0.7Underground shoots and shoot initials on 2 year old plants. Each roots segment with node about 1.64 (+-) 0.13 cm long.295&&&CIRARVUp to 6m/season.Small root fragments (<10 mm) can produce new plants.294\W CIRARV930If roots cut into 10 cm segments.293<7CIRARV26Average number of above-ground shoots/plant. An additional 154 underground shoots develop/ plant.293zuCIRARV370 root buds/m2; 89 root shoots/m229083SORHALPrimary mode of reproduction5200 nodes288E@@@@,SORHALMore than 5200 nodes/plant287GBBBBSORHALUp to 5200 nodes/plant60-90 m of rhizome/plant/season281`[[[:SORHAL60-90 m of rhizome produced/plant/growing season277E@@@POTRECNew shoots from edge of caudex. Contributes to plant longevity and tolerance of disturbance, but not to spread.276CARNUTSprouts from damaged root crowns and upper roots.275FA ACRREPPrimary mode of reproduction100-300Shoots/m2273JE:,,, ACRREP12 m2/2 years269" ACRREPPrimary mode of reproduction.10 m2/2 years271A<<<-- ACRREPPrimary mode of reproductionAdventitious buds/shoots develop from horzontal roots.269id,,,, BRASYLLowResprouts from small stesm or root fragments.170GBCHOJUNUp to 0.6 m/year2.5-3.8 cm root fragments contain 3 buds.218PK CHOJUNNew plants usually form 20-45 cm away from parent, emerging from the top of tap roots and along main lateral roots.214CHOJUNDistrubance stimulates sprouting. Plants in vegetative stage produce more root sprouts than sexually reproductive plants.211CHOJUNRoots penetrate to 2.4 m. Roots fragments >2.5cm will produce new shoots.209^YCHOJUNPrimary mode of reproduction1cm of root growth/day204IDDD,,CHOJUNPrimary mode of reproduction5-7 buds per 2cm of rootWithout disturbance, several daughter plants produced per year, some located as far as 20-45cm away from the parent plant. With disturbance, most active buds located within top 45cm of soil.203!\\\,CHOJUNPrimary mode of reproductionRoot crown develop from taproot, lateral roots, and root fragments. More vegetative reproduction in well-drained (rocky, sandy) soils.202,,,,CHOJUNPrimary mode of reproduction4-10 roots/plant with 1-32 buds per rootDensity dependent. Low densities associated with greater vegetative reproduction.199|||,>O= d  3 - ifJ,=CONARVHighDuring first year of growth, seedling root networks spread 3m; after the thrid growing season the network had spread 5m.355<CONARVHighLateral roots and rhizomes can spread up to 6m in diameter.355VQ;BROINETillers produced in summer and fall often fail to survive through winter.352^Y:BROINESpreads via rhizomes which are concentrated in the upper few centimeters of soil. Seedlings begin producing rhizomes at 3 weeks to 6 months and begin tillering shortly after emergence.3499LYTSALlowMax. spread = 0.5 m diameterSprouts from root crowns.347QL118CYNOFFDoes not reproduce asexually.180, 4137-----7BROINEIntermediateSouthern type is strongly rhizomatous; northern type is weakly rhizomatous.345ni6RUBARMImportantSpreads from root and stem suckers and by rooting from stem tips and nodes.344kf5CONARVPrimary mode of reproductionPlants have a large number of lateral roots and rhizomes, both of which are capable of sprouting. 5cm long root fragments produce <25 shoots.343,,,,4CARDRARoot fragments 1 cm long have 50% viability.342A<3CARDRAPrimary mode of reproductionHuge spreading root and rhizome system (76% of biomass is belowground). Rate of spread is related to soil moisture. During first year, plants can spread to 2 m2 and can spread to 3.4 m2 the sceond year.342,,,,2LINVULPrimary mode of reproduction1.2 m/yearPlants begin vegetative reproduction at 2-3 weeks. Sprout from spreading lateral roots and root fragments. Root fragments 1cm long produce new plants.34188,,1LINDALImportant, but not the primary mode of reproductioSprouts from buds on spreading lateral root and root fragments (up to 25 sprouts per crown.341BBBB0LEPLATPrimary mode of reproduction.1-2 m/yearSprouts from creeping roots and sem-woody crowns. Root fragments >0.8 cm wide and 2.5 cm long produce new plants.34099--/TAMSPPSprouts from root crowns and rhizomes when above gound parts are damaged or destroyed.339kf.TAECAPNot an important method of reproduction.338=88888-HYPPERSprouts from root fragments, crowns, and lateral roots. Lateral roots may extend more than 90cm from parent. 46-50% of plants in populations are ramets.155,HYPPER10 cm lateral root sections yield 1-2 shoots. 46% of plants observed are ramets.326e`+HYPPERImportantIncreased sprouting when stressed or on rocky soil. 54-74% of new plants are ramets.323to*HYPPERSprouting stimulated by grazing, fire, and defoliation.321, 326QG)HYPPERSprouts in response to stress.3193.(HYPPERSprouts from crowns and lateral roots.318;6'DIPFULNot important313"&EUPESU5m/yrSmall patches (<8 m2) spread 500 times faster than large patches. In 65 years, one individual can spread to 0.4 ha and have 250,000 stems.312%EUPESU4.6m/yr311$EUPESU0.19 - 2.1 m/yrStrong sprouter from roots, rhizomes, and root crown.310[V#CIRARV33-69Shoots per meter squared shaded.309?:"CIRARVUp to 4-5 m/2 yrs..212-248Shoots per meter square in full sunlight.309a\1#!CIRARVPrimary mode of reproduction26 shoots, 154 budsUp to 4 - 6m in one seasonUp to 1 shoot/0.8 - 2.4 cm of rootPropagules/adult values for an 18 week old plant.307nR,5O   ) I4uVLYTSALLowMinor localized growth from root crown.392A<UEUPESUHorizontal roots can extend 4.6m or more.381>9TRUBARM3.3m/yearSpread due primarily to rooting cane apices. Root crowns are <20cm in diameter and lateral roots can grow to 10m or more.379SRUBARMRoot fragments 7cm long and 2-7mm wide produced 0.94-1.71 shoots each.378[VRRUBARM17% of 15 cm cane fragments produced roots and shoots when planted.376XSQRUBARMLateral roots can grow >10m and suckers can emerge from a depth of <45 cm. 66% of root fragments (7cm) developed roots and shoots.376PRUBARM3.3m/yearCanes grow to 4m, then drop to ground and tip-root. 96% of canes have daughter plants at the apex. Rate of spread range from 1.5 to 6.9m/year.376ORUBARM3.3m/yearRate of spread from cane tip-rooting. Also sprouts from roots, of which 77% are located in the top 20cm of soil.374NEUPESU4.6m/yearLateral roots spread for a 4 month old seedling = 1.02m.373XSMEUPESUPrimary mode of reproduction<300 buds/rootLateral roots can spread up to 5m. 1.3cm long root fragments can produce new shoots.372HHH,LEUPESUSeedling produce 1-3 shoot during their first year.368HCKEUPESU0.50-0.64m/yearSeedling can develop lateral roots when <1 year old, but may be delayed by 2-3 years in highly competitive environments.368JEUPESU0.08-1.26m/yearRates of spread: <0.5m/year in introduced grass, 0.64m/year in abandoned cropland; 0.64m/year in native grassland.367IEUPESURoot fragments 7+ cm long sprout when located <15cm deep in soil.367VQHEUPESU35/272 buds/rootSeven seedlings (without competition) spread to 0.2 m2 after first year and to 44 m2 after five years.367...GEUPESUWith competition, seedlings produce one shoot during the first year; without competition, seedling produce 170 shoots during the first year and spreads to 1.74m by the end of the second year.367FEUPESUPrimary mode of reproduction0.64m/yearSeedling develop vegetative buds 7-12 days after emergence.363zu88,,EEUPESUWithout disturbance, only a small fraction of root buds sprout. Root bud density decreases with soil dpeth, but fragments from as deep as 2.7m will sprout profusely if planted shallowly.362DEUPESU6.9 buds/rootVegetative buds develop on seedlings when 10-12 days old. 6.92 buds/root observed in roots located within top 5cm of soil. Roots located between 28-30cm depth have 1.6 buds.360(((CEUPESUPrimary mode of reproduction0.50 - 0.64 m/yearRate of spread ranges 0.08 to 1.26 m/year, but average rates of spread are between 0.50 - 0.64 m/year.360@@,,BCONARVLateral root growth = 4.6m/year.Rate of spread can be as high as 7m/year.359`[00ACONARV14 shoots/yearRoots grow to 6.6 m; rhizomes grow to 2.6m. One year after transplanting, spreads radially to 0.46-1.3m. Two years after transplanting, plants spread 1.8-2.9m.359@CONARVImportant, responsible for spread.Seedlings spread radially 3.1m after one growing season and 5.1m by the third growing season.3582222?CONARVHighOne year old rooted cuttings planted in an area free of competition spread 3m.357id>CONARVOne rooted cutting spread at the following rate: at 4 months, the plant had produced 25 shoots and spread 1.3m; at 14 months, the plant had spread to 1.8 m; at 15 months, the plant had spread to 2.9m.3565Ok - ? |    PE&+uSONARVHigh5.5+m/seasonAdventitious buds on spreading lateral roots. Root fragments 2.5cm+ can porduce flowering stems within 3 months.491""tISATINLowSprouts back from tap root when above ground portion destroyed.488YTsHIECAEHighResponsible for spread.4862-qHIEAURHigh3-8 (10-30cm/each) leafy stolons per adultDevelops stolons and shallow rhizomes once plants begin to flower.483hhhpHIECAEHigh4-12 (10-30cm/each) leafy stolons per adultDevelops stolons and shallow rhizomes once plants begin to flower. Also produces adventitious buds from roots.483jjjoHIEFLOHighIn a population, 1% of stems developed from seed and 99% of stems developed from asexual reproduction.483|nANTSYLImportant 2 side rosettes/flowering adultStudy in Netherlands. In a population, 21% of plants developed from seed while 79% developed from vegetative buds.YYYOmANTSYLHigh2 rosettes/plant/yearSide rosettes develop in leaf axils and at caudex of tap root. In a population, 21% of plants developed from seed while 79% developed from vegetative buds.479++lPOTRECLowSlowly spreads by sprouting around the root crown.474LGkCARDRAA single clone can develop <455 shoots in one year with no competition.453\WjCARDRAClones can spread laterally to 1.8m. A 3 month old plant can spread 1ft and develop 50 shoots and more than 80 buds.453iLEPLAT48 shoots and numerous budsAverage in observed population.451jeDDDhLEPLATBegins spreading within 12 weeks of seedling emergence. A 26 week old seedling can have 9 horizontal roots, 41 rhizomes, and 17 "regions of shoot development."450gCARDRADuring first year of growth, clones can spread to cover <3.7m in diameter and develop <455 shoots.449wrfCARDRA0.61-0.75m/yearAt 25 days old, seedlings/clonal shoots can develop several additional shoots and 5-6 horizontal roots with many buds. After 100 days, plants can have 48 shoots, covering an area 0.61m in diameter.449eLEPLATRoot fragments >0.8 cm wide and 2.5 cm long produce new plants.448TOdLEPLATRoots perennialize by the 8 leaf stage.446<7cHERMANNo asexual reproduction423,'''''bLINVULOver 5 years, a population observed to spread from 0.4ha to 34.4ha.420XSaLINVUL418%Observed amount of spread over one season.420E@`LINVULSoil disturbance may have a negative effect on root bud production.419XS_LINVUL25 buds/15cm length of root.4191,^LINVUL193Shoots/plant on two year plants.419;6]LINVUL1-2m/yearRoot fragments <10cm long produce shoots.417ID\LINVUL200-250Shoots/plant on two year plants.417C>[LINVUL90-100Shoots/plant on one year plants.417A<ZLINVULPrimary mode of reproduction.417Adventitious buds on creeping root system. Roots are several meters long. Sprouting is stimulated by light and slightly inhibited by soil disturbance.417333-YLINDALimportant, but not primary mode of reproductionResponsible for local spread. Fairy rings of spreading clones can grow to 1.5m diameter.415????XTAMSPPLowLayers readily in response to flooding disturbance.400MHWCENCALNot important395"O 1 7 l 3W0ZYGFABSprouts from lateral roots.523, 5265+CONMACNoneMYRSPIRate of spread. Example: 1 x 4 m plot cleared in July within dense population. At 20 days, 15 rooted plants present; At 37 days, 58 plants present; At 52 days, 80+ plants present.471MYRSPIPrimary mode of reproductionStem fragments 10-20 cm long are released from plants in summer and axillary buds from root crowns are released in winter.471,,,,MYRSPI5cm stem fragment can root and grow 1.2m in one season. One stem fragment can propogate <250,000,000 new fragments in one year.354MYRSPISpreads rapidly. Example: year 1 = 40 ha densely infested and 200-400 ha lightly infested; year two = 3,200 ha heavily infested; year 9 = 32,000 ha heavily infested.324, 471MYRSPIPrimary mode of reproductionStem fragments break off, grow roots, stems, and leaves as they float, and root in sediments. Rootsed plants also spread via stolons.324,,,,TANVULLowCreeping rhizomes responsible for local spread into dense clumps.346[V}CARPUB0.6-0.8m/year497"|CARPUBRoot fragments >2.5-5cm can produce new plants.342D?{CARPUB0.3m/three yearsRate of spread during a year of low rainfall.342, 449YO zCARPUBPrimary mode of reproduction0.8-1.7m/three yearsSpreading horizontal roots and rhizomes. Rate of spread during a wet period. Root systems spread well in moist soils, denuded soils, and when in competition with western wheatgrass.342, 449BB,,ySONARV0.9-1.8m/seasonSpreads from roots fragments >2.5cm long.496OJxSONARV6-121 new shoots/m2/yearSpreads from roots fragments >2.5cm long. Root spread from fall rooted fragment: June 30 = 90-100cm; July 10 = 140-150cm.493((wSONARVPrimary mode of reproduction0.5-2.8m/yearHorizontal roots with adventitious buds develop quickly in seedlings: 4 month seedling has 60-100cm roots.493, 496;;,,vSONARVAdventitious buds on horizontal roots develop at the 6-7 leaf stage.492YT O @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @QQQQQQQQ Q Q  Q  Q  Q Q QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ Q!R"R#R$R%R&R'R(R)R*R +R ,R -R .R /R0R1R2R3R4R5R6R7R8R9R:R;R<R=R>S?S@SASBSCSDSESFSGS HS IS JS KS LSMSNSOSPSQSRSSSTSUSVSWTXTYTZT[T\T]T^T_T`T aT bT cT dT eTfTgThTiTjTkTlTmTnToTpTqTsTtTuTvUwUxUyUzU{U|U}UUU U U U U UU O @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @QQQQQQQQ Q Q  Q  Q  Q Q QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ Q!R"R#R$R%R&R'R(R)R*R +R ,R -R .R /R0R1R2R3R4R5R6R7R8R9R:R;R<R=R>S?S@SASBSCSDSESFSGS HS IS JS KS LSMSNSOSPSQSRSSSTSUSVSWTXTYTZT[T\T]T^T_T`T aT bT cT dT eTfTgThTiTjTkTlTmTnToTpTqTsTtTuTvUwUxUyUzU{U|U}UUU U U U U UUyO @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ JMiiQfQ JMiiQfQ JMiiQfQ JMiiQfQ Jbmkv^TJbmkv^TLiJkv^QLidYbQRLidYbQRLidYbQRMJiOiJRMJiOiJRMJiOiJTMJiOiJTMJiOiJTMJiOiJTMJibomQ MJifoLUMJifoLUMJifoLUMJifoLUMQbMJ^TMWd[obQMWd[obQMWd[obQMWd[obQMWd[obQMWd[obQMWd[obQMWd[obQMYiJiqQMYiJiqQMYiJiqQMYiJiqQMYiJiqQMYiJiqQMYiJiqQMYiJiqQMYiJiqQMYiJiqQMYiJiqQMYiJiqQMYiJiqRMYiJiqRMYiJiqRMdbJiqRMdbJiqRMdbJiqRMdbJiqSMdbJiqSMdbJiqSMdbJiqSMdbJiqSMdb`JMUMvbdSSROYfSo^RQofQkoRQofQkoRQofQkoRQofQkoSQofQkoSQofQkoSQofQkoSQofQkoS QofQkoS QofQkoS QofQkoS QofQkoS QofQkoSQofQkoSQofQkoSQofQkoSWQi`JbT WYQJoiTWYQMJQTWYQMJQTWYQS^dTWvffQiRWvffQiRWvffQiR WvffQiR WvffQiR WvffQiR YkJmYbT^Qf^JmR^Qf^JmT ^Qf^JmT^Qf^JmT^Qf^JmT^YbOJ^R^YbOJ^T^Ybqo^R^Ybqo^T^Ybqo^T^Ybqo^T^Ybqo^T^Ybqo^T^Ybqo^T^Ybqo^T ^Ybqo^T ^Ybqo^T ^vmkJ^R^vmkJ^S`vikfYU `vikfYU `vikfYU `vikfYU `vikfYU fdmiQMQfdmiQMTioLJi`RioLJi`SioLJi`SioLJi`SioLJi`SioLJi`SioLJi`SkdbJiqTkdbJiqUkdbJiqUkdbJiqUkdbJiqUkdiWJ^QkdiWJ^QkdiWJ^QkdiWJ^QmJQMJfR mJ`kffRmJ`kffTmJbqo^UxvUSJLURqT8 x Z <  ` ' r T 6 h * ɆɆɆɆh J , BBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBm  Gm  Gm  l 4U FIREl 4U FIREl 4U FIRE ll 4U FIREl 4U FIREl 4U FIREl 4U FIRE l 4U FIREl 4U FIREl 4U FIREl 4U FIRE l 4 k E DISTUk E DISTUk E DISTURBANCE++k E DISTUk E DISTUk E DISTUk E DISTURBANCE+++ k E DISTUk E DISTUk E DISTUk E DISTURBANCE+++ k k E DISTUk E DISTUk E DISTUk E DISTURBANCE+++ k k E DISTUk E DISTUk E DISTUk E DISTURBANCE+++ kk E DISTUk E DISTUk E DISTUk E DISTURBANCE+++ k E DISTUk E DISTUk E DISTUk E DISTURBANCE+++ k E DISTUk E DISTUk E DISTUk E DISTURBANCE+++ k  hB LIFEFhB LIFEFhB LIFEFORM%%% h eT POPULATION GROWTH RATEAAA e  Ge e G^ K SEED GERMINATION555 ^  G^  ^ GX SpeciesLifeform"Species.SPPCODE=Lifeform.SPPCODE]/ X Lifeform.value- gX Species.CommonName1 gX Species.Species. gX Species.Genus, gX Lifeform!!! X Species X  X  GWSpecies.citation/ gWSpecies.CommonName1 gWSpecies.Species. gWSpecies.Genus, gWSpecies.SPPCODE. gWSpecies.Objid, gWSpecies W GW GW W GVSpeciesSeedsproducedJ@E9 VSeedsproduced_citationSeedsproduced.citationa== oVSeedsproduced.Seedsproduced: gVSpecies_citationSpecies.citationO11 oVSpecies.CommonName1 gVSpecies.Species. gVSpecies.Genus, gVSpecies.SPPCODE. gVSeedsproduced+++  [ @ @ @ @///// /000 055557"7$7%7#BNBPBQBOGbGdGeGcHf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eY>eY@eYAeY?nnnno o o o p pppqqqqrrrrssssttt tu!u#u$u"w)w+w,w*x-x/x0x.y1y3y4y2z5z7z8z6{9{;{<{:|=|?|@|>}A}C}D}B~E~G~H~FMOPNQSTRUWXVY[\Z _Y.2MMN ]],.,..&,Y  Y d Y  Y  4 Y 4f Y fmd Y m  Y  4Y   Y  fmd Y m d Y  4d OBJIDSPPCODEMaxMeanMin LambdaLSenCommentcitation6max estimated invasion rate6min estimated invasion rate8mean estimated invasion ratemf4 mf4 m]` 4fmmf4 mf4 m]a 4fm mf4 mf4 m] 4fmmf4 mf4 m]c 4fmYYYY OBJIDPrimaryKey4RelativeGrowthRatecitationSPPCODE.^ΏJ\m a m W P  0j~!" STAMSPP0.25mg/daySeedling growth rate.339CCCC=&&&&  CHYPPERSeedling stage is most sensitive.323ZZZZTT C ;DIPSUL0.28 - 2.6Transition between small and larger rosette size classes has greatest sensitivity.315& c :DIPFUL0.99Lambda measured in a population growing in dense quackgrass community with stem boring insects.314{  SORHAL1.3 m2/month spread during warm months.281AAAA;  CARNUTTransition from seedling to rosette may be the most vulnerable.275YYYYS   ACRREPPrimarily from vegetative reproduction.26912 m2/2 years[[[A;  CENSOLHighest sensitivity--juvenile survivorship, adult survivorship, transition from juvenile to adult, seed production.240 C BROTECHighest sensitivity--adult survivorship and seed production.240 C CYTSCO0.8kg/kg/m2/year239888822222  @CYTSCORates of spread for an Australian subalpine park. Low rates of spread found in areas where park service has implimented control measures, high rates of spread found where native vegetation is sparse.640.391 km/10 years0.198 km/10 years##  BRASYL*1.2 (+-) 0.1*Calculated from survival rates reported for each year of the 20 year study. Converted N-1984/Nt to Nt+1/Nt (lambda) for each year of the study. Mean and standard deviation for lambda were calculated. Field data from native range of species.225%%%%,,  BROTEC2.9g/mm2/day1960000*****  BROTEC328 g/m2/year224 g/m2/year132 g/m2/year193ffff````F,  CYNOFFHoundstongue seedlings have a low growth rate and are not strongly competitive.180iiiic  CIRARV0.28 g/g/d0.02 g/g/d154@@@@::::&&  ELYREP1.21161  # CIRARVIn PNW area increasing by 10% a year.130bbbb\\\\\\  ECYTSCO1.9369 # 'CYTSCO0.8839 # 1CYTSCOAnnual growth rate up to 1.5 m per year49dddd``````  FCYTSCOAnnual growth rate up to 1.5 m per year.70ffffbbbbbb  )CYTSCO1.22Lambda measured in year one of two year study.411.13-1.35 m/yearnnnNJ  (CYTSCO0.88-1.93Lambda decreased with advancing age of of invasion. Elasticities comparable across life stages at population edges. At population centers, population dynamics dominated by large plants. No obvious "Achilles heel" for Scotch broom.40 $$  &CYTSCO0.4138 # 'CYTSCO1.45g/g/month0.91g/g/month0.30g/g/month0.3-1.45Growth rates for one population over 3 years--seedling (1.45), year 1 (0.91), year 2 (0.3). Dieback occurs in late summer/fall, especially in older plants.39 pp`F, \ 6 u W   0DIDIPFUL1.74Lamba measured in a population growing with sparse grass and fob cover and no stem boring insects.~~~~~ /)CYTSCO1.08Lambda measured in year two of a two year study.41PPPPL  .ANTSYL0.90g/g/weekSeedling growth in a population observed in the Netherlands.481nnnnh****  -CARNUT1Without insect damage and in native range (France).460OOOOI  ,CARNUT0.566Most sensitive to seed loss (due to seed herbivory).With insect damage and in native range (France).460  +CARNUT1.2Small rosette to medium rosette and small rosette survivorship are most sensitive.Population observed in Australia.456  *CARNUT2.2Seed bank-small rosette transition and small rosette survivorship have highest sensitivity.Population observed in New Zealand.456  (ABUTHEPlants with out competition always have higher growth rates than plants growing with corn.437ttttn  'ABUTHE22.9g/m2/day1.2g/m2/dayMaximum value occurred late in the season (weeks 9-11) with no competition and ample moisture. Minimum value occurred early in the season (weeks 5-7) with no competition but under drought stress.437    @@@**  &ABUTHE1.05Seed production in soybeans and corn and seed survival in soil. Assuming 40% predation, only has impact on lambda in the corn and soybean rotations.In four year rotation of corn, soybeans, triticale/alfalfa, and alfalfa.436B  %ABUTHE0.97Seed survival in soil and seedling recruitment. Even assuming 40% seed predation, no impact on lambda.In two year rotation of corn and soybeans.436  $CYNOFFKey factor analysis suggests that the seed and seedling stages have the greatest sensitivity.5 C #DIPFUL0.59-0.73406****$$$ # "TAMSPP66.0g/g/dayT. ramosissima seedling growing in salty soils.396____Y((((  !LYTSAL0.26g/g/daySeedling growth rate.392EEEE?((((  |RUBARM0.7-1.76Clonal growth has the largest impact on lambda, especially at low population densities. At high densities, seedling survival becomes increasingly important.380````ZZ" c xRUBARM0.104g/g/daySeedling growth rate. Daughter plants grow much faster.376iiiic*****  mEUPESUThree stages that are most sensitive: establishment of vegetative shoots, sprouting of root buds, and overwintering of root buds.Data for model collected from literature review.365LLLLF  \ @ @ @ @ @ @^^^^^^^^ ^ ^  ^  ^ ^ ^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^__ _!_"_#_$_%_&_'_ (_ *_ +_ ,_ -_._/_0_12 \ @ @ @ @ @ @^^^^^^^^ ^ ^  ^  ^ ^ ^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^__ _!_"_#_$_%_&_'_ (_ *_ +_ ,_ -_._/_0_12LVALʾx4J SEED DISPERSAL MECHANISM Biological" ]wZw*wI_I_H8gw0w*ww" ]V9I_wV9V9DwI_j]u0V9Biological controlwZw*wI_I_H8gw0w*ww" ]V9I_wV9V9DwI_j]u0V9gBreedingl controlwZw*wI_I_H8gw0w*ww" ]V9I_wV9V9DwI_j]u0V9jCitationl controlwZw*wI_I_H8gw0w*ww" ]V9I_wV9V9DwI_j]u0V9Citations controlwZw*wI_I_H8gw0w*ww" ]V9I_wV9V9DwI_j]u0V9CompetitionontrolwZw*wI_I_H8gw0w*ww" ]V9I_wV9V9DwI_j]u0V9iCRSClassonontrolwZw*wI_I_H8gw0w*ww" ]V9I_wV9V9DwI_j]u0V9DispersalDistancewZw*wI_I_H8gw0w*ww" ]V9I_wV9V9DwI_j]u0V9DispersalMechanismwZw*wI_I_H8gw0w*ww" ]V9I_wV9V9DwI_j]u0V9hDisturbancehanismwZw*wI_I_H8gw0w*ww" ]V9I_wV9V9DwI_j]u0V9ECOSYSTEMSCodessmwZw*wI_I_H8gw0w*ww" ]V9I_wV9V9DwI_j]u0V9Fire effectsessmwZw*wI_I_H8gw0w*ww" ]V9I_wV9V9DwI_j]u0V9MGeneticStructuremwZw*wI_I_H8gw0w*ww" ]V9I_wV9V9DwI_j]u0V9jMGerminationturemwZw*wI_I_H8gw0w*ww" ]V9I_wV9V9DwI_j]u0V9MGrazeati \ @ @ @ @ @ @JLomWQ_JLomWQ_JLomWQ_ JLomWQ_ JMiiQf^Jbmkv^_LiJkv^^LidmQM^ LidmQM^ LidmQM^MJibom^MJibom_ MJibom_ MJibom_ MJibom_MQbkd^^MYiJiq^MYiJiq^ MvbdSS^ MvbdSS_MvmkMd^MvmkMd^MvmkMd^MvmkMd^MvmkMd^MvmkMd^MvmkMd^MvmkMd^MvmkMd^MvmkMd^MvmkMd_MvmkMdMvmkMdOYfSo^^OYfSo^_OYfSo^_OYfko^^Q^viQf^ QofQko_WvffQi^^vmkJ^_ioLJi`_ioLJi`_kdiWJ^^mJ`kff^mJ`kff_ QY68Nee666Y  Y d Y  Y d Y \ Y Qd Y Q Y \d OBJIDSPPCODE Fire 1 Cit 1 Fire 2 Cit 2 Fire 3 Cit 3Q\Q\Qej\QQ\Q\Qek\QYYPrimaryKeySPPCODEv1d N  d  9U6]XXCENSOLIn CA, best done after desirable grasses and forbs have completed reproductive cycle and before yellow star-thistle produces seed.260; 263Usually kills plants, though some may resprout. Fires are usually not hot enough to destroy seed.263Fire creates seedbeds and may stimulate germination.263E@ CENSOLNot a recommended control strategy. Increases plant size and seed production.253; 263In CA, best done at the end of the rainy season when flowers first appear.254Fire has little impact on soil seedbank.254m]CENSOLAfter 3 consecutive years of burning, seedbank and seedling population reduced by >95% and cover reduced by 91%. But, within 3 years after fire treatments, community reverted to pre-burn composition (high yellow starthistle, low diversity).244, 260; 263May need to alternate burning with other types of control strategies. Native plants may not be adapted to multiple consecutive years of burning.244Complete eradication needed to maintain long-term control.244 BRASYLRepeated burning before seed set may eliminate seed production, exhaust plant reserves, and reduce seed bank.170Dense growth may alter fire regimes. Increases 1-hour fuels.170}? BRASYLIneffective control strategy.228, 170Resprouts within 2 weeks.228Frequently located on burned sites.228, 13]X=- CHOJUNSprouts from roots even after severe fire.218Wind dispersed seed may colonize burns.218nnni@:? BROTECEnhances establishment and spread.194Most effective if burn time coincides with seed ripening.196Fire cona be used as a pre-treatment before seeding competative perennial grasses.196xs82 BROTECReduces plant density for one year.184, 186, 192, 195Summer burns more effective than fall burns.184Fire kills most, but not all, seeds in the seedbank.192, 195, 196W3BROTECLate May to early June is the best time to burn.185, 196Two to three years of burning, herbicides, and reseeding may control.185Burning is not a recommended control technique. Plants that establish after fire are vigorous and produce enough seed to recolonize site.185, 192, 1966'P@CYTSCOFire creates seedbed that favors seedling survival.59Fire must be followed with a follow-up strategy. Fire alone cannot control.59GC?CYTSCOGermination stimulated by low to moderate severity fire.231, 233, 235, 236, 59, 45, 77Can be effective, but must reburn after initial fire (2-4 years later).233, 236, 45The drier the soil at the time of the burn, the greater the seed mortality.59,(HBROTECIneffective control strategy190Reduced plant density and greatly increases seed production.190uuup2,?BRASYLDense growth may alter fire regimes.165, 170Fire management is ineffective. Fire-tolerant. Resprouts.165, 170Found in sites subject to burning.13D4CIRARVSusceptibility to fire is low.151, 132Enhanced by growing season fires.151, 132kkka>.?CYNOFFFire creates conditions favorable for seedling establishment.180, 231Unknown response.180uuup]M?CYTSCOEffective control, but needs to be very hot in order to kill seedbank33, 67, 59, 55, 71, 235, 236May cause sprouting77, 38, 33, 67, 31, 231, 236Cutting adult plants followed by burning just prior to the dry season significantly reduced the seed bank and number of seedlings.56, 233MDU!d  ( < $  s_3 O TAECAPFire kills a lot of seed, but not always all of it.334Early season burns, before the seeds are ripe, are effective if it is dry enough to burn.338IC?TAECAPRemoves dense mat of litter, thereby increasing the quality of the seedbed, allowing tillage, and improving the effectiveness of herbicides.332, 335A controlled burn in June may eliminate populations for several years.333Can favor medusahead.337TAECAPSeed is most susceptible to heat when moisture content is high (>30%). These conditions exist for about one month after leaves and stems begin to dry,331, 332Most effective when conducted in the late afternoon, with a slow burn, and when seeds are in the soft dough stage.331, 335Destroys seeds and reduces subsequent population (by 60-95%), but may be more effective if followed by tillage.332, 335, 3384*TAECAPSlow moving fires are most effective; conduct before seeds shatter but after they are fully developed.327, 335, 338After fire, seed germination is greatly reduced (<5%). The degree to which seed germination is reduced depends on the fire intensity and the amount of dry fuel.327Seedling establishment and survivorship is significantly greater on burned sites than on unburned sites.33072vHYPPERAnecdotal information that prescribed fire followed by spot burning may be effective in plant communities adapted to frequent fire.155HYPPERIncreases density, vigor, seed germination, and vegetative reproduction.318, 321, 155Heat promotes germination.325In general, fire increases cover, though some California ranchers say that fall burns can help control.325rXEUPESUMay increase vegetative growth and result in greater stem densities.310, 372Increases plant's vulnerability to herbicides.310Buring with herbicide application either before or after is more effective than burning alone.310dTCIRARVMay sprout prolifically after fire.308Frequent burning may be more effective than occassional burns.308~~~y93?CIRARVSpring burning had no effect on Canada thistle, but a fall burn increased Canada thistle biomass and density in Alberta, Canada.297Burning may be more effective during dourght conditions.308Seedling colonize burned ground.308CIRARVResponse to fire highly variable.297, 308Dormant season fire reduced seed production but increased shoot density in amesic grassland.297A dormant season burn reduced Canada thistle and stimulated native plants in North Dakota.297A1SORHALTorching and burning has been effective, but results are highly variable.277Fire encourages regrowth from rhizomes.282, 288Fire may be useful if followed by treatments to control sprouts.288_YPOTRECMay be ineffective. Plants respouts from caudex.276Fire may reduce the residual activity of herbicides applied prior to the burn.276Fire can encourage establishment.276, 477, 478F@CARNUTFire may make herbicides more effective.275Fire needs to be hot enough to destroy the root crown.455Not an effective control strategy.455{v>8CARNUTInvades after fire disturbance.275, 455Invasion after fire lessened by post-fire sowing of competitive grasses.275Does not control musk thistle, but can promote native plants that suppress musk thistle.275?/ACRREPNot a recommended control strategy.270; 273CCCCC3CENSOLConsecutive annual burns in CA and OR grasslands result in large reductions in cover and in the seedbank.263Fires should be conducted late enough in the spring to achieve a hot temperatures.263y?|d,  S { J=s@o/DIPFULLate spring burns can help control when populations are not too dense.404Burning is most effective when used in conjunction with other control strategies.404\V?.EUPESUFall herbicides (picloram with 2,4-D) followed by spring burns or spring burns alone are effective for reducing germination by more than 95%.371Burning reduces germination but not shoot density, as it stimulates sprouting.371Fall herbicides (picloram with 2,4-D) followed by spring burning reduces both germination and shoot density.371kf-CONARVMay be useful in conjunction with other control strategies.359Prescribed fire with herbicides is better than either control strategy alone. Good control may be achieved by spraying 2,4-D in the fall, burning in the spring, re-spraying a few months after the burn, and burning again in the fall.361@@@;QK?,BROINEThe most effective time to burn is before or during tiller elongation,, but not after.352mmmmmg+BROINEBurning during the active growing stages, either juvenile or jointing, lowers production of biomass. These stages occur in spring.352Spring burning can lower tiller density by 50%.352Burning communities containing >20% warm season tall grasses at any growth stage, except emergence, significantly reduces Smooth brome density and biomass, especially when repeated annually for 5+ years.352*LYTSALNot a recommended control strategy.347, 388, 392Fire creates seedbeds and may encourage seedling establishment.347Roots are unaffected by fire.389M3)BROINELate spring burns are marginally effective for control.345Periodic spring or fall burning may increase productivity.345Fires during the tiller elongation stage may reduce tiller density by 50% and reduce seed production.345MG(RUBARMPlants readily reoccupy burned sites through prolific sprouting and seedling establishment.344, 379Fire creates seedbed by exposing mineral soil.344Good for removing above-ground biomass, but should be followed with herbicides applied to stumps, further burning, or revegetation with fast-growing species to prevent sprouting and germination.379, 380~t{k'CONARVNot likely to control, but can be combined with other strategies.343Fire creates suitable seedbed by removing shading plants and exposing mineral soil.343Fire may facilitate spread.343WQ&CARDRASearing with handheld burners is effective. Must be repeated every 2-4 weeks for 2.5 years.342Favored by fire through removal of competition.453qk?%LINVULNot a recommended control strategy.341, 417, 420Scorching seed stalks can prevent seed production.341May establish well from seeds and roots after fire.341, 420M3$LEPLATNot an effective control strategy.340, 448Periodic mowing and spring burning may reduce density.340Populations are difficult to ignite.446zB2#TAMSPPFire can be used to thin tamarix prior to herbicide application.339Tamarix spp. sprout after fire.398|||wVP?"TAMSPPHighly successful after fire. Fires may facilitate invasion. May be desirable to suppress fire in tamarix communities.339, 398Periodic burning (every 5-7 years) may eliminate litter accumulations.339In some areas, prescribed fire can be used to eliminate a closed canopy of tamarix, slowing the rate of invasion and increasing plant diversity.339zu!LINDALNot a recommended control strategy.341, 415, 420Scorching floral stalks may prevent seed production.341May establish from seeds or roots after fire.341, 420M3 dg A a 7CARACAFire removed above-ground biomass and kills some seeds, but may encourage germination.520lllllf6CONMACNot an effective control strategy (not enough dry fuel before seed set).517^^^^^X5CRUVULPrescribed fire reduces seedling number the season following the burn.498\\\\\V4CARPUBSmall populations can be controlled with a handheld burner. Plants must be burned every 2-4 weeks for 2.5 seasons.3423SONARVSpring or fall burning may be somewhat effective.496Burning mown or pulled plants kills seeds.496xxxsGA?1LEPLATGood for removing above-ground parts and litter, but does not damage roots.446May increase spread by stimulating root sprouting.446a[?0AEGCYLBurning crop stubble after harvest may provide some control.429Field burning may be a feasible way to control small populations.432Field burning kills more than 90% of seeds in spikelets.432RL: d @ @ @ @ @ @ @ffffffff f f  f  f  f f ffgggggggggg g g g g g g!h"h#h$h%h&h'h(h)h*h +h ,h -h .h /h0i1i3i4i5i6i7ib d @ @ @ @ @ @ @JMiiQfgJQUMv^iLiJkv^fLiJkv^f LiJkv^f LidYbQhLidYbQh LidYbQh LidmQMfLidmQMfLidmQMfLidmQMf MJiJMJiMJiOiJhMJibomgMJibomgMJifoLiMQbkd^f MQbkd^fMQbkd^fMQbkd^gMWd[obf MYiJiqfMYiJiqgMYiJiqgMYiJiqgMdbJiqhMdbJiqh Mdb`JMiMioqo^iMvbdSSfMvmkMdfMvmkMdfMvmkMdfOYfSo^hQofQkog QofQkoh WvffQig WvffQig ^Qf^Jmh^Qf^Jmi^YbOJ^h^Ybqo^h^vmkJ^h fdmiQMgioLJi`hkdbJiqikdiWJ^gmJQMJfg mJQMJfg mJQMJfgmJQMJfgmJ`kffhmJ`kffh oYNmm.Y  Y d Y  Y d Y \ Y Qd Y Q Y \d OBJIDSPPCODEHerbicide 1 Cit 1Herbicide 2 Cit 2Herbicide 3 Cit 3\Q\Q\mxQ\\Q\Q\myQ\YYPrimaryKeySPPCODEv1l I m  >p~`BPBRASYLAccord effective, but not Round-up.170Hexazinone (Velpar)170, 231WWWM83?BRASYLApril applications of Accord (foliar gyphosate), Accord + Plateau, Accord + Pendulum, Oust + Accord all reduced cover by more than 90%.226, 230Fusilade reduced cover by 88% with minimal harm to native species.226, 270Round-up (glyphosate) effective when applied late in the season.23, 228:1CHOJUNDicamba2182-4-D218(((#?CHOJUNApplications of superphosphate reduced populations in Australia.212Picloram, applied in spring or fall, kills plants and prevents reestablishment for 2 years.215Dicamba + 2,4-D kills aboveground parts, but rosettes reemerge within 1 year.215 UPCHOJUNClopyralid alone or mixed with 2,4-D-amine, dicamba, or MCPA-amine provide best control.2082,4-D-amine and metasulfuron effective if applied at high rates for multiple years.208Picloram, with or without 2,4-D, give best control in Idaho.209 niCHOJUNClopyralid + dicamba provides best long-term control in Australia. Annual applications need to achieve 90% control.205, 209Seedlings vulnerable to herbicides when <12 weeks old.207Successive year applications more effective than single year applications.208, 218 CHOJUNClopyralid203, 205Application of 2,4-D at the first sign of bolting inhibits flower development but has no effect on density.203, 205Difficult to control with herbicides. Herbicides rarely translocate to entire root system.205, 209, 218, 221, 219$CHOJUNTordon200Not very effective. Plants regenerate from deep roots.203, 211Picloram (on rosettes)203, 205, 214, 218u]S BROTECImazapic196Sulfometuron methyl196Cheatgrass biotypes have developed resistance to atrazine, simazine, chlorotoluron, primisulfuron-methyl, and sulfosulfuron.19672 BROTECTerbacil194Trifluralin194Reports of triazine resistent cheatgrass in atrazine-treated wheat.194yt/* BROTECPronamide194Propham194Simazine194;6,' BROTECChloropropham194Diclofop194Metribuzin194B=1," BROTECMust be repeated for 2-5 years consecutively for adequate control.190, 196Bromacil194Cyanazine194{vkf\RBROTECSulfometuron methyl, apply in the fall.185Atrazine, apply after germination in the fall.185, 194, 196One year of herbicide control will reduce density but increase seed production.190{l<7BROTECParaquat effective when applied in early spring.185, 190, 194, 196Glyphosate effective when applied in early spring.185, 190, 194, 196Imazameth effective when applied in early spring.185T@BROTECQuizalofop effective when applied in early spring.185, 196Fluazifop effective when applied in early spring.185, 196Sethoxydim effective when applied in early spring.185, 196LBSENJACEffective.176BRASYLMost effective technique for control.170, 165Late season Round-Up; Fusilade165ddd_?5?CIRARVSusceptibility is moderate to high.151, 132Properly timed application of clorpyralid and glyphosate very effective, especially on vigorous plants.151, 132=3?CYTSCOBroadcast spraying of Roundup; Garlong spot treatment31Not a recommended control strategy.67Picloram45, 231, 235, 236, 45|rnIECYNOFFEffective herbicides include: picloram, dicamba, chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron, and 2,4-D.180Repeated applications for several years may be required to achieve control.180Picloram works well on first year rosettes and provides long-term control. Apply in spring, summer, or fall.410, 411, 413;,lgCl  I #Vs&SORHALGlyphosate repeatedly applied over several years effective, but will need to spot spray to keep under control.277, 281, 282, 288Best to apply while plants are actively growing, taller than 46 cm, and in the bloom-to-head growth stage.277Halogenatedaliphatic (Dalapon) effective when used in the late boot stage or in the early growth stage prior to blooming.277, 281, 288%POTRECPicloram applied in fall or spring effective.276, 4782,4-D ester applied in spring effective, if applied during the rosette through bud stages.276, 478Dicamba plus 2,4-D amine276G=$CARNUT2,4-D is the most commonly used herbicide on this species. Best when applied 10-14 days before bolting when conditions are not too cool or too dry.275, 455Metasulfuron275Chlorsulfuron275#CARNUTDicamba can be used earlier in spring than 2,4-D, but results are mixed.275, 455MCPA275Picloram with or without 2,4-D or dicamba provides the best late season control, especially when applied during cool, dry fall weather. Also provides the best residual control.275, 455)mhbX"CARNUTBoth spring and fall applications are effective.275Spring application followed by seeding of competitive grasses is very effective.275Clopyralid provides effective control.275, 455E@!ACRREPHerbicides alone are not completely effective.273Clopyralid273Hebicides only effective if used in conjunction with seeding of competitive grasses.273TOC> ACRREPClopyralid with 2,4-D helped to establish competing grasses.270; 241Chlorsulfuron. Use in fall.271Metsulfuron271xsVLACRREPPicloram. Use during active growth.269; 270; 271; 273Dicamba269; 273Use of 2,4-D with tillage and seeding of competing vegetation provides good control.269; 273ZPG3CENSOLHerbicides most effective if applied before flowering stage.263QQQQQLCENSOLHerbicides is an effective strategy on large infestations, highly productive soils, and the perimeter of infestations.253Triclopyr263Chlorsulfuron263CENSOLDicamba253; 2632,4-D253; 263Glyphosate--effective for late season spot treatment and bolted plants.253, 254; 263{2(!CENSOLClopyralid kills plants and emerging seedlings, but doesn't last as long in the soil as picloram. Provides one year of control.247, 253, 254; 263Picloram applied at the bud stage greatly reduces seed production and seed germination. Provides two years of control.247, 254; 263Herbicides applied at flowering stage didn't consistently reduce the quantity or quality of seeds produced.247*CENSOLSeedlings and rosettes vulnerable to herbicides applied in spring and early summer.243, 247, 2542,4-D kills nearly 100% of seedlings and rosettes. If applied at bud stage, reduces seed production and germination.247Picloram kills plants and later emerging seedlings.247, 253,"rcCYTSCOMetsulfuron-methyl236'''''"CYTSCOHerbicides should be applied during the active growth period that follows flowering.233Hexazinone and atrazine effective on germinating seeds and seedlings.235Fluroxpyr235, 236idCYTSCOTriclopyr231, 235, 236, 45Glyphosate with surfactants more effective than glyphosate alone.233Triclopyr ester effective when applied with a wick to basal bark.233to,CYTSCO2,4-D has variable results. Works best with additives (triclopyr ester, picloram, diquat, dicamba, sodium chlorate). Spring application.231, 235, 45, 77Glyphosate has variable results. Might work on stump sprouts.231, 233, 236, 77Hexazinone may control seedlings and new shoots.2313.lT   A6TAECAPEarly spring or fall applications of bromacil can be effective.335Siduron and picloram are effective pre-emergence herbicides.335Combining fire with herbicide treatments can have good results.335TO5TAECAPDalapon applied during vegetative stage can be effective.332, 335Atrazine applied in late fall can be effective.332, 333, 335Glyphosate applied in early spring can be effective.335SI4HYPPERMetasulfuron is effective post-emergence.318, 155Ester formulations of phenoxy herbicides tend to be more effective than amine or salt formulations.318Fluoroxypyr155C93HYPPER2,4,-D applied during seedling and pre-flowering stages is effective. Can be applied alone or with 2,4,5-T ester or picloram.318, 321, 155Spring applications of picloram are effective.318, 155Spring applications of glyphosate are effective.318, 321, 1552DIPFULRepeated application of 2,4-D; 2,5,6-T; or Silvex are effective.313, 402Triclopyr and 2,4-D amine applied to rosettes or during the early flowering stage can control and prevent seed production.404Glyphosate applied during summer or during early spring or late fall during active growth can be effective.404MHZP1EUPESUMaximum translocation to roots occurs during the flower development stage.310, 373Imidazalonone (particularly imazapyr) is effective, but can injure desirable forage species.310Annual application of 2,4-D after cultivation will kill seedlings.366 dZ0EUPESUAnnual application is effective.310Picloram and picloram plus 2,4-D are effective for long-term control, but will not limit seed germination. Annual applications during flowering are required.310, 372, 373Best absorption is achieved during periods of rapid growth coupled with high humidity (morning, evening).310SN50/CIRARVMost effective when applied during the rosette, bud, or bolting stages.308\\\\\W.CIRARVGlyphosate--Apply during bud stage or later.307MCPA307Most effective when applied while moisture status of plant is favorable and plant is growing well.308LGA<-CIRARVDicamba--apply during the late vegetative to bud stage OR to fall regrowth.207Clopyralid--apply during prebud stage.207Metasulfuron--apply during bud to bloom stage OR to fall rosettes. Not very effective.207`[,CIRARVChlorsulfuron suppresses growth and reduces root buds.297Best translocation of herbicide to roots achieved between July and September.2072,4-D--apply before the bud stage.207KF+CIRARVRosette stage is most vulnerable to herbicides; the flower bud stage is the next most vulnerable.297Clopyralid or clopyralid with 2,4-D is effective in agricultural settings. Apply during the pre-bud stage.297, 307Fall application of glyphosate to rosettes reduces number of root buds and regrowth.297GBvq*CIRARVDifferent clones respond differently to herbicides.297Fall application is best, though spring works as well.297, 308Multiple application more effective than single applications.297, 307HC)CIRARV2,4-D294, 297, 307Dicamba294, 307Picloram294, 307KA7-$(SORHALPost-ermergence herbicides most effective, especially when applied to plants in the late growth stage (<5 leaves).288'SORHALMetriflufen controls seedlings and rhizomes.281Effective preemergence herbicides include butylate, alachor, vernolate, trifluralin, nitralin, alachor, chloramben, thiocarbamate, and dinitroaniline.281Phenoxy (2,4-D, fluazifop)288A<l$  d A  kE*DLYTSALUse of 2,4-D yields mixed results.347Effective herbicides: triclopyr, glyphosate, and imazapyr347Removal of adults with herbicides can result in huge recruitment of seedlings. To mitigate this problem, spray late in the growing season.347wr72CRUBARMEffective herbicides include: glyphosate, picloram, 2,4-D, triclopyr ester, and triclopyr amine.344, 374, 379Late summer spraying can prevent tip-rooting in the fall and seed production the following year.374, 376Picloram and 2,4,5-T applied in the summer provides good control, suppressing shoot production from crown.374, 379aWpBCONARVSome strains have reportedly developed herbicide resistance.343Herbicides provide inconsistent results due to varying population age, physiological condition, and environment.3552,4-D is the most widely used herbicide for this species. Works best if applied after rain, as it provides little control under drought conditions. 2,4-D resistent strains of C. arvensis have been identified.359QLACONARVEffective herbicides include: 2,4-D, glyphosate, dicamba, picloram, quinclorac, and paraquat.343, 355, 359Optimal time for herbicide use is during bud to full bloom stages.343, 355Plants may be more herbicide resistent during dry conditions or in arid locations.343#|m@CARDRAVery difficult to control with herbicides due to the massive root system.342Limited control may be achieved with 2,4-D, metsulfuron, dicamba, chlorsulfuron, or glyphosate.342, 453To achieve control, repeated application will be required and/or combination with mechanical treatments.34283^Y?CARDRASodium chlorate and 2,4-D have been the most commonly used herbicides in agricultural settings. Best when applied 10-14 days before bolting.342Imazethapyr provides 90% control.342Herbicide applications only control for one year.342>LINDALFor control, must be repeated every 3-4 years for up to 12 years.341, 415Herbicides that provide effective control: chorsulfuron, dicamba, picloram, and imazapic.341, 415Picloram with or without 2,4-D or fluroxpyr works well.415[Q=LINVULFor control, must repeat every 3-4 years for up to 12 years.341Picloram suppresses to some degree.341, 420Long term control cannot be achieved with herbicides alone.417vQL<LEPLATFlower bud stage to early flowering stage may be the best time at which to use herbicides.340, 446, 4472,4-D and glyphosate both reduce cover significantly.445Chlorsulfuron reduces cover for 3+ years after application. Appy to rapidly growing plants in spring or to dry plants in the fall.445, 446, 448H9yj;LEPLATNot effective unless used with other control strategies.340Most effective herbicides are chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron methyl, and imazapyr.340, 446, 448Glyphosate can be effective when applied after mowing when plants are in the flowerbud stage.340 MH:TAMSPPWinter is the best time for herbicide applications; spring is the worst.339]]]]]X9TAMSPPHard to control with herbicides alone. Herbicides may even increase seed production.339Most common herbicides used on tamarix: imazapyr, triclopyr, glyphosate, picloram, 2,4--D.339Cutting and treating stumps with hebicide is very effective, achieving >90% control.339% id8TAMSPPAerial herbicide spraying can be effective when combined with other control techniques.339Glyphosate on older plants applied during the late flower stage can be effective.339Imazapyr applied in late flowering stage can be effective.339lg7TAECAPParaquat works well in California, but not in sagebrush communties.337In the Great Basin, atrazine, dalapon, and mechanical following are the most effective control strategies.337XS?l F f  H~QLYTSALModerate success has been achieved with Dicamba and Dicamba with 2,4-D.392Herbicides top kill, but the plants usually resprouts from roots.392\W?PLYTSALTriclopyr may be used in non-aquatic environments. Apply at bud stage to mid-bloom and while actively growing.388Not useful for large-scale infestations.389, 392Amine salt and butyle ester of 2,4-D can reduce by 50%.392~OLYTSALTreat with hebicides before seed production (June-July) and repeat in August. Retreat annually.388Glyphosate applied during the early to late bloom stage can be effective. Spot treat to avoid desirable plants. Don't use near potable water intakes.388, 389, 3922,4-D applied when plants are growing rapidly or until early bloom. Don't use in domestic or irrigation water supplies.388 toNDAUCARYoung plants are susceptible to 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T.387GGGGGBMDAUCARHighly variable response to 2,4-D (18-91% control).382Resistence to 2,4-D has been observed.382, 383Sulfometuron applied in winter depresses summer cover.385zpHCLRUBARMFosmine effective for controlling regrowth, but does not kill adult plants.379`````[KRUBARMPicloram granules applied in winter or early spring provides good control.3742,4,5-T and picloram (possibley other herbicides as well) stimulate the production of root suckers.375, 376, 379Younger plants are more vulnerable to herbicides than mature thickets.375 _ZJEUPESUPicloram with or without 2,4-D provides the best long-term control in grassland. Periodic or annual applications required to maintain control.371, 373Herbicides do little to reduce germination.371Fall and spring application of picloram with 2,4-D reduces shoot density.371*%IEUPESU2,4-D kills above ground parts. Heavy applications for 2+ years required.368Picloram provides control for 3-5 years. Though root systems will be mostly destroyed, seeds will continue to sprout unless resprayed before maturity.368Preventing seed set with picloram for 1-4 years reduces the soil seed bank significantly. For best results, continue for 8 years.369~^YHEUPESUGlyphosate can provide 80-90% control of top growth if applied between mid-August and mid-September. Best if followed with a June or July application of 2,4-D amine to kill seedlings.361, 372, 373Increases sprouting from roots.367Annual applications of sodium chlorate are effective.36883GCONARVPicloram (with or without 2,4-D) is best applied during the early bud to full bloom stages. Can be effective but must be repeated for 2+ years.359, 361Quinclorac (with glyphosate or dicamba) can provide some control.3592,4-D applied when real flower appear will control top growth. Should be reapplied after fall regrowth but before frost for best results. Process may need to be repeated for 5-10 years to achieve complete control.361FCONARV2,4-D is most effective when applied during the bud stage or summer fallow in early August. Can reduce populations by 60-80% and prevent seedling establishment. Must be applied annually to provide effective control.359Dicamba provides better control than 2,4-D in arid conditions. Best if applied in spring or fall. Can provide 93% control after 4 years of application.359Glyphosate alone will not provide consistent control. Apply at full bloom or early seed stage and again on fall regrowth. Some strains of C. arvensis are resistent to glyphosate.359D?EBROINESpring applications of atrazine reduce smooth brome by 91%.352PPPPPKl  a  X Nt+ aAEGCYLThe most effective herbicide for post-emergence is glyphosate with or without fluazifop, paraquat, sethoxydim, clethodim, or quizalofop.429`AEGCYLDiclofop, trifluralin, and ethalfuralin, when "pre-plant incorporated", provide 52-58% control in a chemical fallow.429Chlorpropham applied pre-emergence provides 52-58% control.429Atrazine, bromacil, clomazone, monuron, prometon, and simazine applied either pre-emergence or early post-emergence provide good control.429[V_BUDDAVCutting and treating stumps with glyphosate or tryclopyr is effective.426[[[[[V^HERMANTriclopyr provides 100% control while allowing other species of vegetation to recolonize the site.422Glyphosate, triclopyr, and imazapyr all provide control of adults. Imazapyr also prevent germination for several months.423Herbicides must be applied early in the season.423,'wr]HERMANApply herbicides early in the season while plants are actively growing.4212,4-D acid, TBA, and MCPA are all effective.421Glyphosate is effective but is non-selective. H. mantegazzianum seedling quickly reoccupy site.422\W\LINVULGlyphosate applied during early bloom stage can provide up to 90% control. Good for spot treatment in crops.420|[LINDALApply herbicides while flowering but before seed dispersal.420Picloram, dicamba, and glyphosate may all provide some control.420Glyphoste can provide up to 90% control when applied at early bloom. Effective for spot treatment in crops.420PKZLINVULChlorthaldimethyl and metribuzin control seedlings.417Apply while plants are flowering but before seed set.420Dicamba may provide some control.420HCYLINVULL. vulgaris is resistent to 2,4-D, MCPA, 2,4-DB, MCPB, and mecoprop.4172,4-D with dichlorpop provide post-emergence control in barley and wheat.417Spot treatments herbicides: glyphosate, amitrole, diquat, and picloram.417YTXLINDALSodium salt of 2,3,6-TBA may provide good control if applied in early July.415L. dalmatica is resistent to triclopyr and fluroxypyr.415`[?WLINDALGranular applications of picloram applied in the fall are effective.415Silvex applied in May reduces carbohydrates in roots and provides 60% control. Silvex with picloram also reduces carbohydrates in roots but provides 85-92% control.415Borate-chlorate applied in August may provide good control.415FAYTVCYNOFFChlorsulfuron applied in spring or fall provides good control. Works well if applied to plants between the rosette stage and the bolting stage.413UCYNOFFApplications of 2,4-D amine before bloom in spring can give <97% control of first year plants and <77% control of second year rosettes.410, 411Metsulfuron is useful in pastures and disturbed areas. Apply in mid-June while plants are actively growing.4102,4-D applied to 28cm tall, bolted plants reduces seed production.413\WTDIPFULGlyphosate and 2,4-D can be effective but may take several years of application to provide complete control.409|SCENCALClopyralid, 2,4-D, and Dicamba are all effective.395Glyphosate can provide good control. Aplly to rosettes or flowering plants. Reapply for at least 3 years.395, 454FA?RCENCALChemicals that are effective for other Centaurea species are also effective for C. calcitrapa.394Apply herbicides in spring while plants are in seedling to rosette stages.394, 395Control will probably require multiple applications.394snl O -  Up?pANTSYLDichlorprop at early flowering stage or chlorfurecol-methyl plus maleic hydrazide in spring both give good control.479Mecoprop, dichlorprop, and picloram provide good control.4792,4-DP give good control for two or more years when applied early in the growing season or at the time of first haying.479FAoPOTRECRepeated applications of 2,4-D, 2,3,4-T, or Silvex to rosettes in spring or fall provides good control.474|||||wnANCOFFThe following herbicides provide excellent (95-100%) control in wheat: diuron, bromoxynil plus dicamba, bromoxynil plus MCPA plus dicamba, diuron plus bromoxynil, metribuzin plus bromoxynil, and metribuzin plus chlorsulfuron.465The following herbicides provide good (80-94%) control in wheat: chlorsulfuron plus metdulfuron, metribuzin, bromoxynil, and bromoxynil plus MCPA.465?mONOACATriclopyr plus clopyralid can be effective when applied to actively growing plants from the rosette to the bud stage.465Glyphosate plus 2,4-D applied to rosettes in spring or before fall freeze-up is good for control in rangelands and pastures.465Repeated applications of diflufenzopyr plus dicamba to rosettes can be effective.465e` lONOACAChlorsulfuron is effective when applied to young, actively growing plants.465Clopyralid with or without 2,4-D amine is most effective when applied to actively growing plants after most basal leaves emerge but before the bud stage.465Metsulfuron can be effective when applied post-emergence to actively growing plants.465ZU_ZkONOACA2,4-D is effective when applied in spring (before bolting) or fall (to rosettes). Annual treatments needed to control seedlings.465Dicamba is effective when applied before bolting or for seedling control. Requires repeated applications.465Picloram is effective when applied before plants bolt. Follow uo treatments required.465a\jCARNUTSpring applications of glyphosate encouraged immediate seedling recruitment.463Fall applications of paraquat increased the number of seeds germinating in the spring.463Fall applications, after most germination has taken place, are most effective.463a\iCARNUTHerbicides are most effective when applied at the rosette stage.455Hexazinone with 2,4-D provides effective control.455Lethal applications in fall, winter, or spring reduces the probability of rosette and seedling survival the following season to 3-5%.458UPfLEPLATTriclopyr provides moderate control for 1 year.4482,4-D provides <99% control.4492,4-D, 2,3,6-TBA (with or without MCPA), an Amitrole are all effective.449gbD?eABUTHEHerbicides reduce seed production.442777772dABUTHEPre-emergence herbicides containing metribuzin are effective.441Effective post-emergence herbicides: Atrazine, 2,4-D, Bentazon, Bromoxynil, Cyanazine, Dicamba, Metribuzin, and Linuron.441Half rates of herbicides do not provide enough control.442 RMcABUTHEPost-emergence herbicides that provide >80% control: Banvel, Basagram, Brominal, 2,4-D; Goal, MCPA, Paraquat, and Roundup.439Most effective to apply post-emergence herbicides when plants are small (<4 true leaves).439Post-ermergence herbicides will need to be applied repeatedly because seeds will continue to germinate throughout the season.439snbABUTHEResistent to triazine.438For herbicides that are absorbed by roots, application with rain or tillage is essential.439Pre-emergence herbicides that provide >80% control: Atrazine, Bladex, Goal, Lexone/Sencor, Lorox, Metham, Prowl, Pursuit, and Solicam.439+&#l ` 2 1 PK}SONARVAtrazine, diuron, simazine, bromocil, and monuron also provide good control.493aaaaa\|SONARVFor summer chemical fallow, MCPA amine, sodium salt, and 2,4-D amine work well.493For spot treatment, dicamba, glyphosate or the two together work well.493Seedlings are somewhat vulnerable to auxin herbicides, but older plants are resistent.493 d_{SONARVControl from hebicides can be variable, especially with glyphosate. Application that do not kill roots may encourage sprouting.491Species is relatively resistent to herbicides. Single applications are unlikely to provide control.493, 496For post-harvest control, apply amitrole or dicamba at least one week before frost.493]XzSONARV2,4-D, clopyralid, dicamba, glyphosate, and picloram are all effective on species. Apply during the pre-bud or bud stage. High rates may be needed to kill roots.491Multiple applications will increase control.4912,4-D and dicamba applied at high rates provide control within one year.49183yISATINHexazinone, metribuzin, and 2,4-DB are effective in alfalfa.487, 488VVVVVLxISATIN2,4-D applied during rosete stage to early blossom stage is very effecive. Favored in crops.487, 488Metsulfuron with 2,4-D, dicamba, and bromoxynil are effective.487, 488Chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron with or without 2,4-D are effective in non-crop situations. Both work better than 2,4-D at eliminating seed production, even when applied during the flowering stage.487, 488vlwHIEAURClopyralid applied after most basal leaves emerge but before buds form is effective. Fall treatment may be effective as well.465Clopyralid plus 2,4-D applied after basal leaves emerge but before buds form is effective. Fall treatment may be effective as well.465Triclopyr plus clopyralid applied while plants are actively growing can be effective.465xsvHIECAEClopyralid applied after most basal leaves emerge but before buds form is effective. Fall treatment may be effective as well.465Clopyralid plus 2,4-D applied after basal leaves emerge but before buds form is effective. Fall treatment may be effective as well.465Triclopyr plus clopyralid applied while plants are actively growing can be effective.465xsuHIEAUR2,4-D applied before buds form can provide some control. May require re-treatment or higher rates even under ideal conditions.465Dicamba applied before flowering provides control. Re-treat as needed.465Picloram applied after most basal leaves emerge but before buds form is effective. Fall treatments may be effective as well.465c^tHIECAE2,4-D applied before buds form can provide some control. May require re-treatment or higher rates even under ideal conditions.465Dicamba applied before flowering provides control. Re-treat as needed.465Picloram applied after most basal leaves emerge but before buds form is effective. Fall treatments may be effective as well.465c^sHIEAUREffectively controlled with phenoxy-type herbicides (2,4-D, clopyralid, picloram).483Treat plants in the rosette stage to prevent flowering.483gb?rHIECAEEffectively controlled with phenoxy-type herbicides (2,4-D, clopyralid, picloram).483Treat plants in the rosette stage to prevent flowering.483gb?qANTSYLMetasulfuron-methyl plus chlorsulfuron kills above ground parts.479Chlorsulfuron kills young plants.479In Canadian tests, diclorprop plus 2,4-D, clopyralid, and dicamba performed well.479}xUP+lK p ><tRWCONMACEffective pre-emergents include tebuthiuron, chlorsulfuron with or without metsulfuron, hexazinone, metribuzin, and terbacil.517Effective post-emergent herbicides include glyphosate, 2,4-D, 2,4-DB, Escort, and MCPA. Apply in early spring.517At the rosette stage, glyphosate can provide some control.517HCCONMACWhen applied to dormant alfalfa, terbacil, hexazinone, and metribuzin can provide >90% control.5132,4-D provides excellent control.513, 516Dicamba provides some contol, but is not as effective as 2,4-D.516toMYRSPIHerbicides are less effective when the water is muddy, when the temperature is below 6 degrees C, and under cloudy conditions.471MYRSPI2,4-D in liquid or granular form spread at at a rate of 45+kg/ha significantly reduces populations but does not eliminate them. Annual applications are needed. Herbicide could enter water supplies.3542,4-D applications are only effective if there is no water movement.471Applications of diquat and parquat have only variable success.471je% TRITERChlorsulfuron, bromcil + diuron, and Norflurazon are effective pre-emergents when applied in late fall or late winter/spring.465TRITERAtrazine + amitrole can provide year-long control.465MSMA is effective on seedlings.465Paraquat is somewhat effective, especially in the seedling stage.465mhGBTRITEREffective pre-emergents include simazine and diuron, applied in fall and spring.508Bromoxynil provides <88% control in seedling alfalfa.510Pyridate applied in May provides up to 69% control in seedling alfalfa.510e`TRITER2,4-D is effective on seedlings, but must be reapplied every three weeks as new seedlings emerge.507, 465Effective residual chemicals include atrazine and simazine.507Post emergents, glyphosate and paraquat, are somewhat effective, especially when plants are in the seedling stage.508, 465;1{qTANVULMetsulfuron applied at high rates can provide up to 3 years of control. Do not use near waterways or where the water table is high.346Glyphosate and 2,4-D amine are not very effective. Work best with wipe-on application rather than spray.346?TANVULDicamba + picloram + X-77 applied at pre-bud to full bloom atage provided <94% control.503Dicamba + 2,4-D, picloram, and clopyralid + 2,4-D applied at the early bolting stage provided excellent control.505Metsulfuron does not always provide good control.505lgTANVULMetsulfuron applied in June reduced seedling growth and growth from rhizomes by 96-100% and continued to reduce biomass 10+ months later.502Picloram and clopyralid appllications in June reduced fall growth of seedlings and rhizomes and continued to reduce biomass 10+ months later.502DPX-T6376+ X-77 applied at pre-bud to full bloom stage provided 87-100% control.5032-CRUVULClopyralid, 2,4-D, dicamba, and picloram are effective.498LLLLLGCARPUB2,3,6-TBA-MCPA provides good control when applied at the early to full bloom stages.449iiiiidCARPUBIn order to kill the root system, the most effective time to apply herbicides is late in the season.497, 4492,4-D provides 90-99% control when applied early in the growth stage (before flowering) and again in the fall.497Amitrol provides 97-100% control when applied before the first flowers open.497, 449KA~tCARPUBSodium chlorate and 2,4-D are most commonly used herbicides in agricultural settings.342Metsulfuron, dicamba, chlorsulfuron, and glyphosate provide some contol.342Herbicides yield variable results. Repeated application or combination with mechanical treatments will be needed to achieve control.342D?je la/ ZYGFABMetsulfuron "appears promising."465555550ZYGFABDifficult to control with herbicides due to the waxy leaves.523, 526Reduced by >90% when sprayed with Arsenal + Pro-Spreader in September.524Reduced by 70% when sprayed with glyphosate + Weedone + Pro-Spreader in September.524VLCARACAMost sensitive to hormone-like herbicides applied during active growth of seedlings or rosettes.522Picloram and 2,4-D are effective.522Applications of 2,4-D, dicamba, or dicamba + 2,4-D amine just prior to flowering are effective at reducing seed production.522upCARACAHerbicides can promote spread by creating a mineral soil seed bed.519Phenoxy-type herbicides applied during spring or fall to seedlings or rosettes can reduce seed production.520Picloram, dicamba, and clopyralid all provide excellent control when applied in June.521$WRCONMACMay require multiple applications to deplete the soil seed bank.517UUUUUP l @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @nnnnnnnn n n  n  n  n n nnnnnnnoooooooooo  o !o "o #o $o%o&o'p(p)p*p+p,p-p.p/p0p 1p 2p 3p 4p 5p6p7q8q9q:q;q<q=q>q?q@q Aq Bq Cq Dq ErFrGrHrIrJrKrLrMrNr Or Pr Qr RsSsTsUsVsWsXsYsZs[s \s ]s ^s _s `sasbtctdtetftitjtktltmt nt ot pt qurusutuuuvuwuxuyuzu {u |u }u vvvvvvvvvv v v v v vwwwwwl @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @JLomWQtJLomWQtJLomWQtJLomWQtJMiiQfo JMiiQfo JMiiQfo JQUMv^sJQUMv^sJbMdSSt Jbmkv^t Jbmkv^uLiJkv^nLiJkv^nLiJkv^nLidYbQrLidmQMnLidmQMnLidmQMnLidmQMnLidmQMn LidmQMn LidmQMn LidmQMn LoOOJqs MJiJMJwMJiJMJwMJiOiJqMJiOiJq MJibomo MJibomo MJibomoMJibomtMJibomtMJifoLvMJifoLvMJifoLvMQbMJ^sMQbMJ^sMQbkd^oMQbkd^oMQbkd^oMQbkd^oMQbkd^oMWd[obn MWd[obnMWd[obnMWd[obnMWd[obnMWd[obnMYiJiqnMYiJiqpMYiJiqpMYiJiqpMYiJiqpMYiJiqpMYiJiqpMYiJiqpMdbJiqq MdbJiqq MdbJiqrMdbJiqrMdb`JMv Mdb`JMvMdb`JMwMioqo^vMvbdSSnMvbdSSsMvbdSSsMvmkMdnMvmkMdoMvmkMdoMvmkMdoMvmkMdoOJoMJirOJoMJir OYfSo^p OYfSo^sQofQkop QofQkop QofQkorQofQkorQofQkorWQi`Jbs WQi`Jbs WYQJoiuWYQJoiuWYQJoiuWYQMJQuWYQMJQuWYQMJQuWvffQip WvffQip YkJmYbuYkJmYbu^Qf^Jmq^Qf^Jmq^Qf^Jmt^YbOJ^q^YbOJ^s^YbOJ^s^YbOJ^s ^Ybqo^q^Ybqo^s^Ybqo^s^Ybqo^s ^vmkJ^q ^vmkJ^r ^vmkJ^r ^vmkJ^r `vikfYv `vikfYv dbdJMJtdbdJMJtdbdJMJt fdmiQMofdmiQMt ioLJi`q ioLJi`rioLJi`rkQb[JMnkdbJiqu kdbJiqu kdbJiqu kdbJiqu kdiWJ^okdiWJ^pkdiWJ^pmJQMJfpmJQMJfpmJQMJfqmJ`kffqmJ`kffqmJ`kffqmJbqo^vmJbqo^vmJbqo^vmiYmQivmiYmQivmiYmQiv miYmQiv xvUSJLwxvUSJLw KY;=N{{;;;&Y  Y d Y  Y d Y \ Y Qd Y Q Y \d OBJIDSPPCODE Mow 1 Cit 1 Mow 2 Cit 2 Mow 3 Cit 3\Q\Q\{Q\\Q\Q\{Q\YYPrimaryKeySPPCODEv1z g F;FACRREPNot a recommended control strategy.270; 273Two mowings, 8 weeks apart, the first occurring during the bud growth stage, supressed Russian knapweed for one year. However, it quickly recovered.271Cutting above ground portion reduces current year's growth and seed production, but won t control.273D?=3CENSOLCan decrease effect of biocontrol insects.254Can significantly reduce soil seedbank if repreated prior ro seed production.263Mowing during early flowering stage and again when regrowth is in the floral bud stage can reduce cover, seed production, density and result in fewer seedlings.263:5?: CENSOLOften ineffective but may provide some control during dry years.253, 254Hand-pulling useful for small populations and riparian areas. Pull before seed set and remove as much root as possible. Repeat every 2-4 weeks through the growing season.253, 254; 263Useful for light infestation or as part of long-term management plan.254a\ZP CYNOFFDifficult to control 1st year plants.180Mowing can reduce seed production of 2nd year plants if conducted before seeds are formed and if defoliation is severe.180, 413Cutting at height of 0-7 cm in late June reduced, but did not eliminate seed production.180, 411!:5 CENSOLSuccess depends on timing and growth form. Mowing (10 cm blade height) the high branching form twice during the early flowering stage (2-5% bloom) reduces seedhead number and plant biomass.241Mowing at early flowering stage most effectively reduces dry weight and seedhead production.252, 254Mowing areas with competing vegetation (high branching form) resulted in lower dry wieghts and seedhead production than mowing areas without competing vegetation (low branching form).252:0 CYTSCOPulling can disturb soil and stimulate germination.233Mowing and cutting best accomplished before seed set, when plants are flowering.236, 45HC? BRASYLMulching with blue wildrye straw inhibits establishment and encourages establishment of Elymus glaucus.230|||||wBRASYLNot a recommended control strategy.228Repeated mowing before seed set may eliminate seed production, exhaust plant reserves, and deplete seed bank.170Mowing before seed set can reduce spread. May take 2-3 mowing/season.23083CHOJUNNot a recommended control strategy.205, 209May limit seed production during very dry years.205May temporarily reduce aerial biomass, root biomass, root carbohydrate, and seed production.218to=3BROTECMust be done early (before purple color develops).197GGGGGBBROTECNot a recommend control strategy.185, 196Repeated mowing (every 3 weeks) coupled with sowing of perennial grasses may be effective.185, 196Grazing severity and frequency negatively associated with biomass and seed production.187;1SENJACNot recommended, may increase shoot growth.175, 176Mulch helps kill shoots.175, 176iii_E;?BRASYLSensitive to mowing.166Before seed set; may have to mow 2-3 times in season165ddd_)$?CIRARVSusceptibility is low to moderate.147Properly timed mowing effective at containing or reducing population, especially during drought conditions.14772?CYTSCOResprouts from stumps and roots.38, 231, 233, 45Can work if coupled with deep mulch, broom mulch is best because of allelopathic effects (up to 80% control); must be repeated.77, 56, 38, 58, 74, 236Cutting works best when plants are under maximum drought stress. Less resprouting.231, 56, 233, 55, 235, 58, 77, 38S0B0z ! * NHe?LINVULRemoval of above-ground parts and prevent seed production but does not kill.341, 417, 420Repeat mowing for 5-6 years may deplete the root system; repeat mowing for 10-15 years may deplete the soil seed bank.341, 420Mowing may stimulate sprouting.341k\LEPLATNot an effective control strategy.340, 446, 447Haying may prevent species from forming monocultures.340Mowing decreases stem height and stem density and shifts leaf area to a lower position on stems. These changes may make subsequent herbicide application more effective.340,'}xA2TAMSPPNot very effective, though repeat mowing coupled with flooding may be somewhat effective.339Stumps sprout after cutting.398ni?TAECAPCan be effective.332High seed germination has been observed even when plants are cut at the green to mid-dough stage of seed development.334&!?HYPPERCan prevent seed production if completed twice during the season.155Repeat mowing (every 2 weeks) can be effective.155VQ?HYPPERIneffective control strategy.318, 325Can prevent seed formation and spread.318, 321, 325Can increase vegetative reproduction.321, 155n_7-DIPFULRepeated annual cutting prior to flowering will eventually control.313, 402, 404Cutting flower stalks low to the ground and removing them and prevent seed production. Repeat cutting will be necessary to remove any re-flowering stalks.404Mowing is only effective if the seed heads are collected and mowing is repeated when stalks re-flower.409pkbSCIRARVRepeat mowing (2-4 times/season for 3-4 years) in alfalfa or other forage crop can be effective.307Hand-pulling not very effective. Needs to be repeated 1-2 times/month for years.307May be more effective during drought conditions.308upCIRARVPlants can sprout in response to mowing while still young (19+ days).301Mowing stimulates sprouting from underground portion of stem.303, 308Seeds cannot germinate if parent is cut during the flowering or flower bud stages, but 30% can germinate if cut when seeds are mature.3030+ZUCIRARVRepeated mowing will weaken plants and prevent seed production.294, 307, 308To control, must be repeated every 7-28 days for four years.297, 308Cutting high (20 cm) reduces sprouting from roots.297, 308^OSORHALHand-pulling in June after a rain can be effective for small populations.282^^^^^YSORHALMost effective to mow as early as possible, within the first 2 weeks of growth.277Repeated close mowing kills seedings, reduces rhizome growth, reduces shoot regrowth, and prevents seed production.281, 282Repeated mowing does not eliminate established plants.282 d_SORHALClipping bi-weekly or monthly through the winter decreases growth.277Frequent mowing, every time plants reach 30-38 cm, depletes rhizomes and decreases seed production.277, 283Needs to be repeated for several seasons.277WRPOTRECNot a recommended control strategy.276, 475Hand-digging may be effective for small populations.276Mowing monthly may encourage horizontally spreading roots.474xs=3CARNUTCan reduce population size if completed before the appearance of the terminal flowering bud.275Needs to be repeated several times during the season to prevent flowering and seed set.275Hand-pulling during the rosette stage is effective.275 qlACRREPCutting or mowing for 3 consecutive years stresses plants and reduced root reserves, but plants will recover quickly as soon as mowing pressure removed.273Hand-pulling can be effective if root system removed. Pulling 2-3 times per year may contain Russian knapweed but not eliminate it.2737772?z \  i}}<0ABUTHESeedling are most vulnerable to mowing. Large plants will sprout back even if cut at the soil surface.439{{{{{v/BUDDAVCut plants will resprout.426.....).HERMANCutting down early in the year can prevent seed production but won't kill plants.421, 423Cutting flowering plants in May-June reduces height and seed production. If repeated annually, will eventually kill plants.423ka?,CENCALNot a recommended control strategy. Rosettes are unaffected and mowing of flowering stalks can spread seed.394, 395{+LYTSALSeedling establishment and vegetative sprouting can be controlled by clipping 21 day old plants.392uuuuup*LYTSALNot a recommended control strategy.388Slows invasion but will not control.389Cut soon after bloom but before seeds are produced. Remove all flowering stems.389c^83)RUBARMBest time to mow is at the beginning of flowering.379Several cutting are reuired in order to starve root system.379GB?(RUBARMMowing does not kill plants but stimulates development of root suckers.375Mowing can prevent tip-rooting of canes.376Good for remving above-ground biomass and provide access to the root crown, but does not control.379\W'EUPESUCan reduce above-ground biomass but stimulates sprouting from roots.372Mowing reduces seed production if repeated every 2-4 weeks, but will not control.373YT?&EUPESUNot very effective since plants resprout and flowering is stimulated on lateral branches.361Mowing before seeds turn brown can prevent viable seed production.366, 367Frequent cutting for 1-3 years may provide some control.366ni%BROINEMowing during the stem elongation (jointing) and early heading stages can thin stands and reduce regrowth.350Mowing during active growing stages, either juvenile or jointing, lowers production of biomass. These stages occur in spring.352z?$DAUCARMowing or pulling before seed set provides effective control for small patches. Mowing should be completed when plants are 18-25 cm tall.348Clipping three times per season (bud stage, blooming stage, and green fruit stage) or clipping once in July (full bloom stage) prevents viable seed development in Ontario.383, 387VVVL?#LYTSALCutting and removal of plant parts before flooding may provide better control than flooding alone.347, 389, 392Cutting and removing plant parts before seed dispersal can help prevent seeds from entering the soil seed bank.347Late summer cutting repeated for multiple years reduces vegetative growth and seed production.347, 392aWr"CONARVRepeated removal of above-ground parts over 2 growing seasons may starve roots.343Mulching with plastic and solarization can be effective.343Not a recommended control strategy.359d_!CARDRANot an effective control strategy unless combined with other methods.342Two or more years of mowing will be required before any reduction is achieved.342, 453Mowing during flowering can reduce biomass, density, and seed production.342ZU LINDALRemoval of above-ground parts prevent seed production but does not kill.341, 415, 420Repeat mowing for 5-6 years may deplete the root system; repeat mowing for 10-15 years may deplete the soil seed bank.341, 420Mowing may stimulate sprouting from dormant buds.341, 415&gXz z  q u 3 l*B=CARACAMowing can help disperse seeds.51944444/<CONMACMultiple mowing, close to the ground and before flowering, can be effective, reducing competitive ability, depleting root reserves, and preventing seed production.516, 517;MYRSPIMowing can encourage spread of stem fragments down stream.354Lowering water levels during dry or freezing weather provides good control.354Harvesting may result in significant increases in algal biomass and decreases in macrophytes.471OJ:TANVULProvides marginal control.346/////*9CARPUBMowing reduces biomass, flowering, and seed production.342, 449QQQQQG8SONARVRepeat mowing before leaves reach 15cm may reduce regrowth.496PPPPPK7SONARVMowing alfalfa or grass-mix for hay can provide 90% control within 3 years. Herbicide applications will assist in control.491Mowing before flowers open prevents seed production, but multiple mowing will be needed to control stem growth.491Not a recommended control strategy.493/*6ANTSYLCutting flowering stems once per season lessens vegetative reproduction; cutting flowering stems twice per season reduces both vegetative reproduction and seed production.481Not an effective control strategy.482?5ANTSYLRepeated cutting (3-6 times a season for 3-4 years) before seed set can reduce populations, but results are variable.479Cutting prior to flowering reduces seedling recruitment, depletes tap root reserves, delays flowering, and decreases plant mortality.479Cutting while flowering stimulates the production of side rosettes and the flowering of side rosettes.479~4ONOACACan be effective if conducted before flowering. Regrowth will also need to be mowed before flowering.468zzzzzu3CARNUTMowing during flowering or just prior to flowering for several (4+) years can provide some control.455Mowing during the early bolting to bolting stage can eliminate seed production.455, 462xs?1LEPLATMowing can increase biomass production.446Mowing during the flower bud stage followed by an application of chlorsulfuron when plants again reached the flower bud stage reduced biomass by >99%.447Mowing during the flower bud stage followed by an application of glyphosate when plants again reached the flower bud stage reduced biomass by >80%.447sn<7 z @ @ @ @ @ @ @|||||||| | |  |  |  | | |}}}}}}}}}} } } } } }} ~!~"~#~$~%~&~'~(~)~ *~ +~ ,~ .~ /~0~13456789:; < = ! z @ @ @ @ @ @ @ JLomWQ~JMiiQf|JMiiQf}Jbmkv^Jbmkv^LiJkv^|LiJkv^|LiJkv^|LidYbQ~LidmQM|LidmQM|LoOOJq~MJiJMJ MJiOiJ~MJibom}MJibomMJifoLMQbMJ^~ MQbkd^| MQbkd^| MQbkd^| MWd[ob|MYiJiq|MYiJiq}MYiJiq}MYiJiq}MdbJiq~Mdb`JM MvbdSS| MvmkMd|MvmkMd| OJoMJi~OYfSo^} QofQko~QofQko~WQi`Jb~ WvffQi} WvffQi} ^Qf^Jm}^Qf^Jm^YbOJ^~^Ybqo^}^vmkJ^~^vmkJ^~ ^vmkJ^~ `vikfY dbdJMJfdmiQM}ioLJi`~ioLJi`~ kQb[JM|kdbJiqkdbJiqkdiWJ^}kdiWJ^}kdiWJ^}mJQMJf} mJ`kff} mJbqo^} {Y14N111 Y  Y  Y  Y d Y \ Y Qd Y Q Y \d OBJIDSPPCODECompetition 1 Cit 1Competition 2 Cit 2Competition 3 Cit 3\Q\Q\Q\\Q\Q\Q\YYPrimaryKeySPPCODEv19- " R QMcACRREPFour year monocrop of winter rye or wheat reduced Russian knapweed by 99% when harvested for sillage and by 78% when harvested for grain.269Four year rotation of fallow/winter cereal controlled Russian knapweed in 3 years when fallow was disced prior to plowing.269Sowing of competitive perennial grasses coupled with the use of picloram or clopyralid + 2,4-D and tillage can be effective.270 CENSOLYellow star-thistle has very competitive root growth.254Yellow star-thistle is not competitive with tall perennial grasses and forbs, shrubs, or trees.263JE? CENSOLGrasses that initiate growth in fall, maintain growth through winter, and continue growth into mid-summer are best for competing with yellow star-thistle.253, 259Established perennial grasses resist invasion somewhat.253Perennial grasses or legumes can be effective, but establishment is difficult without summer rainfall.254_Z CENSOLSeedlings are fast growing and competitive.243Established perennial grasses resist invasion of yellow star-thistle.243Often forms dense stands that inhibit the germination and development of competing vegetation.263@; CYTSCOGrass seeding of disturbed soils may inhibit seedling establishment.231Late seral shrubs and trees may outcompete Scotch broom.45YT? CHOJUNSowing of competitive legumes, such as alfalfa or subterranean clover, can reduced populations in crop-pasture rotations.205, 209, 218, 219, 221, 223Seedling sensitive to competition.218Shading and competition lowers seed production.221CHOJUNContinuous cropping of winter grains followed by early application of broadleaf herbicides in fall or spring may control.200Annual and perennial legumes reduce density and dry weight.203Competiton with annuals can reduce probability of seed production during first year.204+&BROTECGood competitors of cheatgrass must be able to germinate and establish a vigorous seedling with 1-2 days of wet,cool soil and tolerate droughts lasting 10 days or more.196BROTECSeeding of competitive perennial grasses can be effective when conducted after repeated tillage, prescribed fire, herbicides, or late spring grazing.190Seedlings can outcompete perennial grass seedlings. Establishment of perennial grasses helped by reducing or eliminating cheatgrass seedbank.196, 191, 196Not competative with established perennial grasses.196}H9BROTECDensity of neighboring plants negatively is associated with biomass and seed production.187Early root competion with mature perennials reduced seed production by up to 50%.187Areas with lesser native plant cover associated with greater biomass and density of cheatgrass.188+&mhSENJACSeedling mortality may be high where there is competition from established or vigorous grass stands.176yyyyytCIRARVSusceptibility is moderate, especially if competitors emerge before thistle, grow rapidly, form shade, and retain vigor until frost.147CYTSCOIntense spatial competition due to rapid, vertical growth, competes for light.50Out competes many species.77Dense native plant communities can slow spread.64~b^CYNOFFSeedling growth and survival reduced by intraspecific competition at high population densities.180Seedlings are not competitive.180Planting and maintaining competative species would probably provide effective control.180tor1  } -CARDRAPhytotoxicity inhibits the germination of other plants.342LLLLLGLINDALVigorous, healthy communities outcompete seedlings.341, 420Must replant with competing vegetation after control efforts or seedlings and sprouts will reoccupy the site.341Once established, very competitive with winter annuals and shallow-rooted perennials.420MCLINVULVigorous, healthy communities outcompete seedlings.341, 420Must replant with competing vegetation, such as vigorous, hardy, well-adapted grasses, after control efforts or soil disturbance or seedlings and sprouts will reoccupy or invade the site.341, 417Competition with barley prevents sexual reproduction.417PK MCTAMSPPControl efforts must include the reestablishment of a healthy plant community.339Cottonwoods, willow, and seepwillow are effective competitors.339Tamarix spp. are highly tolerant of salty soils.396c^TAECAPVery competative with perennial grasses because has deep roots and stays green late into the season.335Effective pre-treatments prior to sowing of competitive species include two rounds of tillage or tillage coupled with either buring or herbicide.335 yt?TAECAPControl strategies must include establishment of perennial grasses or legumes in order to be effective.332, 335, 338Dense stands of perennial grasses prevent establishment.333Restoration efforts without prior removal are ineffective.333wHYPPERTillage followed by reseeding (clover) is very effective.321, 155Seedling are poor competitors. Tillage followed by sowing of competative species is an optimal control strategy.322, 155Mature plants are highly competative.325, 155SIDIPFULDense litter can prevent seed germination.313Grass cover can suppress seed germination and lower seedling and rosette survival.316?:?CIRARVCompetative crop must emerge before Canada thistle, grow rapidly in early summer, and retain vigor until frost in order to compete well with Canada thistle.297, 308Competition slows vegetative spread.301, 309Seedlings are sensitive to competition and shading.308, 309%CIRARVRototilling before sowing competive grasses helped grass establishment.291After 3 years, rototilling and sowing of competitive grasses provided greater than 90% control.291Sowing alfalfa and mowing two times annually can reduce Canada thistle to 14% of pre-treatment level in one year and to 0% after four years.294UP\WSORHALRhizome production is reduced in winter and late summer sown crops or pasture.281ccccc^SORHALVery competitive.277, 281, 288Produces allelopathic substances that inhibit seed germination and seedling growth of several species.277, 281Begins growing very early in the season, utilizing carbohydrates stored in rhizomes.2770!CARNUTSeedling sensitive to competition for light.275Pasture forbs, such as clover, inhibit germination.463{{{vA<?ACRREPSowing of thickspike wheatgrass after 2,4-D treatment somewhat effective.273^^^^^YACRREPOften forms dense, single species stands. Highly competitive and has allelopathic chemicals.271; 273Tillage needed to establish competing perennial grasses, to overcome allelopathic chemicals released by Russian knapweed.271Supressed by crops that produce dense shade under irrigation, such as alfalfa.273KFvlS t %w$~\G1CARPUBCompeting grasses, weedy forbs, and shrubs can cause recession of populations.342Cultivation and sowing of competing vegetation can be effective.342Alfalfa is a better competitor than perennial grasses where moisture is abundant.449c^0SONARVContain allelopathic chemicals that can inhibit germination and growth.491Plants that germinate early, have strong seedling vigor and growth, and have a limited time until canopy closure may have a competitive advantage over perennial sowthistle.491 \W?/ISATINContains allelopathic compounds that can inhibit germination.487, 490Competes well with shrubs and perennial grasses.488, 490WM?.ONOACASeedlings do not compete well with perennial grasses.468Establishing or enhancing perennial grasses is an effective way to prevent germination and establishment.468JE?,ABUTHEDensity dependent factors land competition with crops lower survivorship and seed set.434Extracts from leaves and roots inhibit germination of alfalfa, radish, corn, soybean, and turnip.438Very competitive due to rapdi root growth and shade tolerance.441kf*BUDDAVSpecies is early seral, achieving maximum density during a population's first 10 years. In forested areas, populations will eventually succeed to trees.426After land clearing, planting competitive vegetation will inhibit germination.426Very competitive due to fast growth rate and drought tolerance.427HC)HERMANVery competitive due to its fast growth rate and huge size.423PPPPPK(LINVULSeedling establishment is poor when in competition with grasses.418Once established, very competitive with winter annuals and shallow-rooted perennials420UP?'CYNOFFCompeting vegetation can reduce dry weight of first and second year plants and reduce flowering.413uuuuup&TAMSPPLarge-scale revegetation projects are effective about 50% of the time. Improved methods are increasing success rates.397%RUBARMPlanting fast growing shrubs and trees can be effective, though few plants can gow fast enough to outcomplete sprouts and daughter plants.379$EUPESUAdults have high competitive ability, but seedling densities are usually low in grass communities.367wwwwwr#EUPESUGrasses are poor competitors with E. esula, but can limit spread and lower flowering.360, 367Few species are competitve enough to eliminate E. esula without the aid of cultivation or herbicides.366, 372To be effective, competitive species should have early spring growth, a late seeding date (cultivate before seeding), and tolerance to 2,4-D or other broadleaf herbicides.366oe"CONARVCan be effective when competing species are established using irrigation and fertiizers and C. arvensis is spot treated with herbicides.359Species that grow vigorously in winter and early spring will be most effective.359?!BROINEHerbicide applications followed by sowing of sod-forming warm-season tall grasses may be effective in locations where fire is not.352 LYTSALSeeding of competitive vegetation in patches of bare soil may help prevent mass recruitment of seedlings from the seed bank.347Revegetate after control methods with perennial grasses, cattails, or rushes.388Sowing of competitive species may suppress L. salicaria.392$CONARVSeedling establishment favored by bare ground, but once plants are established they are able to presist with competition.343If competing vegetation reduces light levels >50% for 3+ years, may provide control.343, 359Competitive grasses can help to reduce C. arvensis populations after 3-5 years if herbicides are also applied.355c^4CARACACompetition with perennial grasses prevents germination and seedling survival.520ccccc^3MYRSPIProtection and management of native vegetation can prevent invasion.354YYYYYT2TRITERCompetition with crops, especially grasses, can prevent seedling establishment.507, 508iiiii_g  @ @ @ @ @ @                !"#$%&'( ) * , . /01234  @ @ @ @ @ @ JLomWQ JMiiQf JMiiQfJMiiQfLidYbQLidmQMLidmQMLidmQMLoOOJq MJiJMJMJiOiJMJibomMJifoLMQbkd^ MQbkd^ MQbkd^ MWd[obMWd[obMYiJiqMYiJiqMYiJiqMdbJiqMdbJiqMvbdSSMvbdSSMvmkMdMvmkMd OYfSo^QofQkoQofQkoWQi`Jb WvffQiYkJmYb^YbOJ^ ^Ybqo^ ^Ybqo^ ^vmkJ^`vikfYdbdJMJ ioLJi`kQb[JMkdbJiqkdiWJ^kdiWJ^mJQMJf mJQMJf mJ`kff mJ`kffmiYmQi WY12N111!Y  Y d Y  Y pd Y p Y pPd Y P Y d OBJIDSPPCODEGraze 1 Cit 1Graze 2 Cit 2Graze 3 Cit 3PpPppPPpPppPYYPrimaryKeySPPCODEv1@p/G 2 H H X W3CIRARVYoung plants are consumed by goats and sheep in spring, but grazing is not an effective control strategy.297Heavy grazing creates seedbed for Canada thistle.297Contnuous cattle grazing maintains or increases severe infestations.298~ySORHALDoes not tolerate being in continuous grazed pasture.283Close grazing for 2 years followed by shallow cultivation during hot summer or cold winter weather provides good control.283Close grazing for 2 years reduces rhizome growth. Best if followed with herbicide or winter plowing.28850JESORHALGeese can be effective.277Intensive grazing by horses or cattle may be effective.277Repeated close grazing may kill seedlings, reduce rhizome growth, reduce shoot regrowth, and prevent seed production.281je,'POTRECIntensive grazing systems can increase sulfur cinquefoil by 5%.276Unpalatable to most livestock.276Grazing can encourage spread.475ytTO CARNUTCattle, sheep, and goats will occasionally eat the flowers and seeds.275Grazing may help spread seeds.275Heavily grazed pastures are vulnerable to invasion.455zZU ACRREPPartial clipping has no negative effect on plant.267Avoided by most animals.273Not a recommended control strategy.273e`FA CENSOLGraze after plants bolt but before spiny stage.253, 254; 263Cattle, sheep, and goats effective at reducing seed production, growth, cover, survivability.254Grazing in bolting, pre-spiny stage 1-3 times/season for 3 years can reduce biomass, cover, and seed production and deplete seedbank.263>9N? CYTSCOGoats effective at reducing regrowth after burning or other control strategy.231, 45Heavy grazing during the growing season for 4-5 years was effective in New Zealand.233f]? BRASYLSpring sheep grazing may help control.227Heavy grazing may provide control, but has low palatability.170, 165Repeated grazing before seed set may reduce seed set, exhaust plant reserves, and deplete seed bank.170y;6CHOJUNContinuous moderate sheep grazing can reduce or prevent seed production and reduce rosette density.203, 205, 209, 218Continuous sheep grazing provides more effective control than rotation grazing.212s?BROTECTwo light intensity grazings in spring for two consecutive years may be effective in some locations.196, 190Sheep grazing can be used to reduce density, growth, seed production, and mulch accumulation.196Fall and winter grazing can reduce mulch and enhance perennial seedling establishment.196?:~tBROTECNot a recommended control strategy.185, 194, 196May work in some situations.190Graze in spring before plants turn purple.190, 196e`B3SENJACGrazing sheep will prevent production of flowers and seeds. However, overgrazing that creates disturbed soils and a loss of native vegetation will cause reinfestation when the sheep are removed.176BRASYLVery low palability for herbivores.165Abesent in heavily grazed sites.170,13Sensitive to grazing.166~ybZ83CIRARVSusceptibility is very low, Grazing removes competitive vegetation and may encourage spread.147qqqqqlCYTSCOAngora and Spanish goats will graze but non-specifically; little effect on growth or reproduction.38Unpalatable to ungulates.38, 236, 45May work but results differ.63, 33, 40, 77, 54, 233vrCYNOFFGeneralist herbivores seem to play a positive role in population dynamics by reducing competition from grasses.180Difficult to control 1st year plants with grazing..180?F  P } " b}"EUPESUFall grazing with goats followed by herbicides can provide control.373XXXXXS!EUPESUEven with continuous sheep grazing, densities may remain high for 3 years. With the fourth year, there may be a drastic reduction in density. After 8 years, the seed bank will be reduced to 15/m2 but a low density (5-10/m2) of shooots remains.369Seeds pass through digestive tracts unharmed, so moving livestock between pastures can spread seeds.372Sheep grazing can weaken plants over time, but grazing should be timed to minimize stress to grasses. "When the yellow is gone" move animals out.373 sn EUPESUContinuous sheep grazing prevents spread and seed production but takes years to achieve control. Four years of sheep grazing provides 85-90% control.366Either start sheep grazing early in the spring or mow first.366Three or more years of continuous sheep grazing can reduce density, but will not eliminate even after 8 years.367, 368g]BROINEGrazing during the stem elongation (jointing) and early heading stages can thin stands and reduce regrowth.350, 352{CONARVPlowing followed by pig grazing will control.343Sheep grazing sown to crops for 2 years may provide control, but grazing in perennial pasture is ineffective.343Continuous, intensive sheep grazing over several years can temporarily suppress C. arvensis.359B=CARDRAGrazing during the early growth stage combined with herbicides may cause some mortality.342Grazing can spread root fragments.453Not an effective control strategy. Plants sprout back from roots.453mhLINDALSheep grazing may suppress growth and limit seed production.341Livestock grazing can increase invasion.415, 420{QL?LEPLATMay be suppressed by grazing.340Continual sheep grazing suppresses growth, but once the grazing pressure is removed the population quickly recovers.4462-?TAMSPPCattle may graze sprouts, but grazing encourages further dense sprouting.339^^^^^YTAECAPHeavy spring grazing by sheep my assist control efforts. Sheep must be removed before seed is set. Pre-treatment (burning, mowing) is helpful.333Unpalatable to most livestock.335Several years of heavy grazing before set set may be effective, but it's hard to get animals to eat it.335, 338;1HYPPERGoats may keep population densities low.155Sheep on rotational grazing or heavy cattle grazing may be effective.155=8?HYPPEROvergrazing reduces seed production but increases vegetative reproduction.321Overgrazing promotes establishment.325Grazing stimulates sprouting from lateral roots.155_ZEUPESUGrazing may prevent flower formation and seed set.310Four years of sheep grazing may prevent spread.31012 days of goat grazing reduced flowering by 50%.363}xGBEUPESUNot palatable to cattle.310, 373Palatable to goats and sheep.310, 372Season-long grazing by angora goats can reduce density, but rotational grazing cannot.310[Q2(CIRARVIf grazed before the bud stage, flowering may be prevented.308PPPPPKCIRARVIntensive sheep grazing prevents spread in Australia.307Not an effective control strategy.308Grazing can encourage spread.308snJECIRARVHigh-intensity low-frequency cattle grazing reduced shoot density, biomass, and flowering.298Two intense defoliations annually for 2-3 years nearly eliminated Canada thistle populations.298Grazing may slow vegetative spread.303ojEK : 5 m<z2TANVULImproper grazing can encourage spread. Ensure less than 60% defoliation of desirable grasses.346rrrrrm1CARPUBCan encourage spread.342*****%0SONARVIntensive cattle or sheep grazing weakens plants and improve other control efforts.491, 493, 496rrrrrc/ISATINNot a recommended control strategy.487888883.ANTSYLGrazing during the spring growth stage can decrease populations.479UUUUUP,ONOACAGoats can provide some control.468Sheep will graze rosettes but not mature plants.468kkkf4/?+CARNUT"Crash grazing" (3-4 times the regular grazing pressure fo one season in either spring or fall) is related to a 20% reduction in survivorship for rosettes and seedlings the year of application.458"Crash grazing" plus herbicide applications ( at 1/10 to 1/2 the recommended rate) in fall or winter are projected to reduce rosette and seedling survival to 1%.458Heavy goat grazing can prevent seed development.464~y*HERMANHeavy sheep grazing for 7 years can provide complete control and deplete the soil seed bank.423qqqqql)HERMANCattle grazing can provide some control.421Pig grazing eradicates plants.423Heavy grazing by sheep provides short term control and allows the growth of other species.423b]=8(LINVULLimit grazing in the spring to keep competitive vegetation intact.417Grazing can increase infestation through soil disturbance.420WR?'CENCALNot a recommended control strategy.395Rotational grazing with short grazing periods followed by recovery periods may help to reduce C. calcitrapa.39583?&LYTSALL. salicaria is not palatable to livestock.389@@@@@;%DAUCARDensity of seedlings, flowering plants, and percent germination decrease as cattle grazing intensity increases, but D. carota is not eliminated.383Grazing during flowering stage can prevent seed production.387?$RUBARMSheep can provide some contol.379Chicken grazing can help deplete the soil seed bank.379nnni3.?#RUBARMHeavy fall grazing can prevent can tip-rooting.374, 376, 379Without grazing, 96% of daughter plants root. Light horse grazing reduces rooting to 11%; cattle reduce to 1%; sheep reduce to 0%.376Heavy goat grazing can be very effective in young (1-4 year) populations.379'"N?g  @ @ @ @ @ @                !"#$%&'()*+, . / 0 1 2  @ @ @ @ @ @ JMiiQf Jbmkv^ LiJkv^LiJkv^LidYbQ LidmQMLidmQMMJiOiJ MJibom MJibomMJifoL MQbMJ^MQbkd^ MWd[obMYiJiqMYiJiqMYiJiqMYiJiqMYiJiqMdbJiq MvbdSSMvmkMdMvmkMd OJoMJiQofQkoQofQkoQofQkoQofQkoQofQkoWQi`JbWQi`JbWvffQiWvffQiYkJmYb ^Qf^Jm ^YbOJ^ ^Ybqo^^vmkJ^dbdJMJ fdmiQM ioLJi`ioLJi`kQb[JMkdbJiq kdiWJ^kdiWJ^mJQMJfmJ`kffmJbqo^ cYFGNFFF+Y  Y d Y  Y d Y | Y Pd Y P Y |d OBJIDSPPCODETillage 1 Cit 1Tillage 2 Cit 2Tillage 3 Cit 3|P|P|P||P|P|P|YYPrimaryKeySPPCODEv1ml  - 0 0dkC4CARNUTDeep tillage may encourage a long-lived seed bank, compared to shallow tillage.275ddddd_CARNUTCutting plants 5-10 cm below the soil surface will kill plants, but seeding of competitive species needed to prevent reestablishment from the soil seed bank.275Tillage is best accomplished prior to bolting.275Intolerant of repeated tillage.275 ACRREPTillage is needed to overcome the allelopathic effect of Russian knapweed before sowing of competing vegetation.271; 273Cultivation spreads roots and seeds.273Deep plowing may be effective if root fragments are buried deep.273ACRREPTillage of an invaded meadow increased biomass and reduced cover of competing vegetation.267Tilled plots in fallowland that had been continuously cultivated for years had lower shoot density, biomass, and fewer seed heads than untilled plots.267Cutting roots to depth of 30cm for 3 consecutive years will destroy root system.269b] ni CENSOLPeriodic tillage is an effective control strategy.253, 254; 263Exposes soil to rapid infestation and spreads seeds.254Tillage is most effective in early summer before seeds are set and when repeated after rainfall and subsequent seed germination.263QB BRASYLTilling, seeding of Elymus glaucus, and mulching with blue wildrye straw significantly reduces cover.230zzzzzu CHOJUNNot a recommended control strategy.209, 211Seedlings <5 weeks will not regenerate after cultivation.214Mature plants can be controlled with a dry summer fallow and 6-8 cultivation passes to 25 cm deep.214}x=3 CHOJUNCultivation of dry soil provides short-term reduction in rosette density.203Cultivation spreads seeds.206Seedlings vulnerable to tillage when <12 weeks old.207z^Y CHOJUNCultivation creates new root fragments and encourages spread, especially in moist soils.202, 205, 211, 212, 215, 218Frequent and repeated (6-8 times per year) tillage will control, but fewer passes will facilitate spread.202, 215Population growth rates positively associated with frequency of cultivation until the interval between cultivations is 8 weeks or less. After that point, increased cultivation is negatively associated with population growth rates.203, 218hBROTECBest if combined with other control strategies.196DDDDD?BROTECRepeated tillage (every 3 weeks) may be effective.185Most effective to till to a depth that buries seed (10-15cm).190, 194, 196Early spring tillage of fallow ground before sowing spring crops somewhat effective.194GBBROTECLowers plant density temporarily.182Increases seed production per plant.182Not a recommended control strategy.185, 190a\61SENJACHand pulling effective if you get the roots.175, 176FFFFF<BRASYLUsed on deactivated roads; tilling and mulching with native species appears to assist native establishment.165{CIRARVSusceptibility is low to moderate.147Repeated tillage effective in cropping systems, potential to spread root and stem fragments.14772?CYTSCOSpreads seeds. Does not address seed bank.58, 74, 55Repeated discing over 2 years may be effective, but will spread seeds.236F:?CYNOFFTillage, hoeing, and hand-pulling may provide effective control, providing these operations are done before the reproductive growth stages.180Tillage can provide good control.180Cutting the root crown 1.5-5 cm below soil surface prior to seed set in fall or early spring and removal of above-ground parts is effective at eliminating small populations.180, 410wF3 d Y Y H H<Yp LINVULConsistent, intensive, clean cultivation for 2 years (with 8-10 cultivation the first year and 4-5 the second) provides good control.341, 417Seedlings less than 2-3 weeks old are very susceptible to tilling.341, 417Tillage may increase vulnerability to herbicides.417% LEPLATUnlikely to control species. May increase density and spread.340, 455, 446, 448, 449Small population may be controlled by repeated removal of above and below ground parts.340Tillage before or after herbicide use may be effective.340, 446fMTAMSPPBulldozing and root plowing during winter (Nov-Jan) can be effective if combined with other control techniques.339TAECAPDiscing can reduce populations by 50%.335;;;;;6TAECAPSpring tillage with summer fallow and herbicides is effective.332Plowing and discing is effective, especially when combined with herbicides.332Spring plowing after germination can reduce populations by up to 95% by killing seedlings and buryiing seeds.335, 338SNHYPPERRepeated tillage is an effective control strategy.318, 321, 155QQQQQBEUPESUTillage increases the formation of undergound buds and shoots, increasing density.310, 361, 367, 372Cultivation after small grain harvest until freeze-up, followed by a season of intensive cultivation (every 2 week during good growing weather, every 3 weeks during hot, dry conditions) to a depth of 10-15cm may kill a high percentage of E. esula.366The regenerative capasity of the root system is lowest in June (during pollination) so this may be the best time to cultivate.368tovbCIRARVIn tilled fields, horizontal shoot-producing roots will form below till depth.303, 306Tilling creates ideal invasion conditions.308Repeat tillage (every 10-14 days during season for 2 years) may be effective.308h^CIRARVRepeated tillage (every 21 days) over entire growing season (preferably for more than one year) can be effective.294, 297, 303, 307Plowing increases shoot density.297, 303, 305, 308Deep tilling is more effective than shallow.297SORHALFall cultivation, afte the mature seed stage, may inhibit rhizome growth and carbohydrate storage.287Repeated tillage beginning in spring and repeated every 3-6 weeks (when plants reach 30cm) may provide control.288wr?SORHALTillage is not effective as a sole control strategy.282Repeated (3-4 times) chisel plowing is effective in dry areas of the south.283Repeated tillage during dry summer weather likely to reduce the viability of rhizomes.285IDSORHALSummer falllowing and repeated tillage prevents rhizome development and reduces populations.281, 283, 288Tillage repeated 6 times at two week intervals in growing season can reduce rhizome production by 99%.281, 282Limited, early season tillage encourages rhizome growth and spread.281, 282, 288A2{lSORHALCultivation encourages deep penetration (120 cm) of rhizomes.277Rhizomes cannot tolerate freezing or hot dry conditions, so tillage can be effective it brings rhizomes to surface during these conditions.277, 282, 283, 285, 286Repeated tilling or plowing has variable results. To be effective, must be repeated 6-8 times per season.277hcRMPOTRECMay be spread by tillage.276, 475Plowing followed by planting to a clean-cultivated crop can be effective.276Discing and seeding of grasses can be effective.276~3):i u"Xcsl2AEGCYLBurning stubble after harvest may provide some control.429Long-term crop rotations may provide control.429Delayed crop seeding, allowing time to cultivate early emerging A. cylindra seedling, may reduce infestation.429{LG1AEGCYLSpecies is more of a problem in conservation tillage systems than in conventional tillage systems.429Fallowing for 1 or more years with chemicals or frequent mechanical tillage may provide control.429Deep moldboard plowing may provide control.429 wr0BUDDAVSeedling can be hand pulled, but soil disturbance may favor further seedling establishment.426pppppk/HERMANRepeating cultivation will kill plants.423Chopping plants 8-12cm below ground will destroy.423Pulling seedling and young plants can be effective for small populations.423to<7.LINVULDiscing can be effective on agricultural land, but it need to be intensive.420`````[-LINDALDiscing can be effective on agricultural lands, but need to be intensive.420^^^^^Y,LINVULWith summer fallow, begin tilling in June and repeat every 3-4 weeks.417In fall, till as soon as crop is harvested and repeat every 3-4 weeks until a killing frost.417, 420Tilling should be shallow to prevent spreading root system.417ZU+CYNOFFPlowing followed by a clean cultivated crop for one year may control.413ZZZZZU*DIPFULDigging up plants is effective for small populations.404JJJJJE)CENCALDigging plants out with pulaskis and picks and removing both above and below ground parts can be effectiive for small populations. Follow-up treatments may be necessary to control sprouts.394, 454Digging plants is most effective when completed before flowering and when plants are cut at least 5cm below the soil surface.395ZZZU?(RUBARMHand digging can be effective, but is slow.379@@@@@;'EUPESUAlternating intensive cultivation with grain cropping over 5-7 years (and spot spraying with 2,4-D) can provide good control.368Cropped areas cultivated two times in the fall (post-harvest) or every two weeks during the growing season (for 3 years) may provide some control.372, 373000&?&CONARVWorks best if cultivated to a depth of 15cm.359AAAAA<%CONARVFrequent cultivation results in a gradual and continuous reduction of carbohydrates in the roots, but it may take 1-5 years to fully exhaust reserves.355$LYTSALDigging/pulling and removal of young (1-2 year) plant parts can be effective on small populations or early infestations. Remove roots.347, 388, 389, 392Repeated cultivation followed by planting of competing vegetation can weaken plants but is not feasible in wetland situations.389///*?#CONARVFrequent and repeated tillage (every 4-14 days or every time plants reemerge, up to 20 times/year) over two growing seasons may starve roots and provide control.343, 359Tillage may spread root fragments, facilitating spread.343, 359One of the most effective control strategies is to combine cultivation, crop rotation, and herbicides.355, 359rh"CARDRACultivation and irrigation facitilates spread.342, 453Clean cultivation of 2-4 years may provide control.342Plants must be cut >50cm below the surface in order to kill.453}H>!LINDALConsistent, intensive, clean cultivation for 2 years (with 8-10 cultivation the first year and 4-5 the second) provides good control.341, 415, 420Seedlings less than 2-3 weeks old are very susceptible to tilling.341Sweep-type cultivation started in June and repeated every 7-10 days during the first year and 4-5 times during the second year can be effective.415MA 4 f K wFCARACATolerates regular cultivation.52233333.ECONMACHand-pulling before plants are flowering is effective for small populations. Follow with cultivation to kill emerging seedlings.516Plowing or repeated cultivation will prevent establishment.517?DTRITERRepeated (every 3-4 weeks) cultivation or digging throughout the season can be effective, especially when combined with pre-emergent herbicide applications.508CTANVULHand-pulling can provide marginal control.346?????:BCRUVULHoeing, pulling, and cultivation are effective near homes, gardens, urban areas, herbicide-sensitive crops, and for small infestations. Repeated every 2-4 weeks through spring and summer.498ACARPUBDigging plants out 10 days after emergence throughout the season for 2-4 years can control small populations.342Hoeing every 4 weeks for 1.5 seasons can provide control.497, 449}?@CARPUBCultivation encourages spread. Species is highly invasive in irrigated agricultural land.342, 497, 449Clean cultivation for 2-4 years can provide good control.342Cultivation every 3-4 weeks for 1.5-2 seasons can provide control.342xi?SONARVThe 7-9 leaf stage is critical for reducing the reproductive capacity of roots.493ddddd_>SONARVIntermittent tillage spreads root fragments and does not provide control.491, 493Repeated tillage every 3-4 weeks from spring until freeze-up provides effective control.491, 493Fallowing for one year, starting in fall, and cultivating every 3-4 weeks provides 75-90% control. Control can be increased by following with herbicide application or a perennial or broadleaf crop.491, 493cY=ISATINHand-pulling or digging out flowering plants (before seed production) is an important control strategy, good for hard to reach areas and initial infestations. Taproots must be removed. Repeated 2-3 times per year for several years.487, 488Annual crops and row crops are cultivated frequently enough to eliminate species.487, 488Spring cultivation destroys rosettes and prevent seed production. Follow with herbicides to control seedlings.487, 488^T<HIEAURDoes not survive in annually tilled cropland.483Digging plants or disturbing the stolons, rhizomes, or roots can spread.483B=?;HIECAEDoes not survive in annually tilled cropland.483Digging plants or disturbing the stolons, rhizomes, or roots can spread.483B=?:ANTSYLDoesn't show up in cultivated fields.482Digging will control small patches.482ddd_:5?9ANCARVCultivation kills plants, but germination from the seed bank will continue.472`````[8ONOACASevering the roots below the soil will kill plants.468HHHHHC7CARDRATillage every 10 days starting at the flower bud stage for 3+ years may provide control.453mmmmmh6LEPLATDredging or removing topsoil can reduce infestations. Must remove the top 3+ meters of soil.446Takes 3 or more years of intensive tillage to kill the root system.449ql?5ABUTHEReduced tillage reduces the rate of seedbank decline.440After four years of intensive tillage in a fallowed field, the seedbank was reduced by 90%.441JE?4ABUTHERepeated pre-crop planting tillage or irrigation (to stimulate germination) and cultivation prior to crop sowing can help deplete the soil seed bank.439Frequent, shallow cultivation throughout the growing season can provide some control.439Densities are often higher in conventional tillage systems than in no-till systems.439`[3AEGCYLSeed survival is reduced by tillage.433999994*GZYGFABCultivation can spread seeds and root fragments.523, 526Hand-pulling can be effective if the root is removed. Must repeated in order to remove seedlings and sprouts.523, 526J@?  @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @                !"#$%&'()* + , - . /0123456789:;< = > ? @ ABCDEFG  @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @JLomWQJLomWQJMiiQf JMiiQfJQUMv^JQUMv^JQUMv^JbMJiqJbmkv^LiJkv^LiJkv^ LidmQMLidmQMLidmQMLoOOJqMJiJMJMJiOiJMJiOiJMJibomMJibomMJifoL MJifoLMQbMJ^MQbkd^ MWd[obMWd[ob MWd[ob MYiJiqMYiJiqMYiJiqMdbJiqMdbJiqMdbJiqMdb`JMMioqo^MvbdSSMvbdSS MvmkMdOYfSo^ QofQkoQofQkoWQi`JbWYQJoi WYQMJQWvffQiYkJmYb ^Qf^Jm ^Qf^Jm^YbOJ^^YbOJ^ ^Ybqo^ ^Ybqo^ ^Ybqo^ ^vmkJ^dbdJMJfdmiQMioLJi`kQb[JMkdbJiq kdbJiq kdiWJ^kdiWJ^kdiWJ^kdiWJ^mJQMJf mJQMJf mJ`kff mJbqo^miYmQixvUSJLTY++N%$%+++++ Y  Y d Y Pd Y  Y pd Y pP Y Pd Y  Y pd Y  pPd Y P Y d Y p Y pPd Y  P Y d Y pd Y pP Y Pd Y  Y pd Y pP Y Pd Y d Y p Y pPd Y P Y d Y p Y pPd Y Pd Y  Y  pd Y! ! pP Y"!" Pd Y#"#  Y$#$ pd OBJIDSPPCODESpecies 1Effect 1a Cit 1aEffect 1b Cit 1bEffect 1c Cit 1cSpecies 2Effect 2a Cit 2aEffect 2b Cit 2bEffect 2c Cit 2cSpecies 3Effect 3a Cit 3aEffect 3b Cit 3bEffect 3c Cit 3cSpecies 4Effect 4a Cit 4aEffect 4b Cit 4bEffect 4c Cit 4cSpecies 5Effect 5a Cit 5aEffect 5b Cit 5bEffect 5c Cit 5cI YYY OBJID1PrimaryKeySPPCODEv1 /N$ 8 n ' Y Imć---ǀƀƀƀƀƀƀƀaC^ZBZ¡@~D^5@D^5@~sq_fڗYn5@ڗYn5@~sq_fC ORIGINl<<<<<<<<<<: %$ n5@ n5@~sq_fE DISTURBANCElpb4MR2KeepLocal TRFFFFFFD `|DLm5@|DLm5@~sq_fR REPRODUCTIVE AGEl[ @4MR2KeepLocal T\PPPPPPN `$$}^5@^5@~sq_fP SURVIVORSHIPl߿ @4MR2KeepLocal TTHHHHHHF `!$u+^5@+^5@~sq_fX GRAZEl @4MR2KeepLocal TF::::::8 `ti}^5@i}^5@~sq_fV HERBICIDElI @4MR2KeepLocal TNBBBBBB@ `s y^5@ y^5@~sq_fU FIRElߝ @4MR2KeepLocal TD8888886 `e{\+]4@{\+]4@~sq_fT POPULATION GROWTH RATEl4MR2KeepLocal Th\\\\\\Z `^m[4@m[4@~sq_fK SEED GERMINATIONlm @4MR2KeepLocal T\PPPPPPN `7oBH0t@oBH0t@~sq_fH SEED DESCRIPTIONl4MR2KeepLocal TPPPPPPPN @0N nl@N nl@~sq_fA NAMESl4MR2KeepLocal Tzzz:::::::8 @+V<'@V<'@Copy of Relationships for Species Demographics1l~@~ @$c%@c%@Z BIOLOGICAL CONTROLl@sVVVJJJJJJJH @G@G@O ADULT DENSITYlR@LLL@@@@@@@> @OаT@OаT@G SEED PRODUCTIONl߮@PPPDDDDDDDB @ 4V @Z]T@@AccessLayoutl4MR2KeepLocal TygDzz:::::::8 @\>>>>>>< @;@0z@zz NSpcVegCodesl߷@JLLL@@@@@@@> @@thCz@zz management susceptibilityl @IfffZZZZZZZX @zTV @{z@zz life history stageslߔ @HZZZNNNNNNNL @$@ȣ|z@zz habitat characteristicsl[@FbbbVVVVVVVT @; -S@dz@zz ecosystem codeslߢ@CRRRFFFFFFFD @ư@2Tv]5@Z BIOLOGICAL CONTROLlplVVVJJJJJJJH @)C %TE%CENSOL%CENSOLBangasternus orientalisWidespread in CA and PNW.242, 243, 250Attacks flowerheads in early bud stage and destroys seeds.242; 263Urophora sirunasevaWidespread in CA and PNW.242, 243, 250Forms galls in flowerheads and destroys seeds.242; 263Eustenopus villosusWidespread in CA and PNW.242, 243, 250Attacks flowerheads in mid- and late bud stages and destroys seeds.242; 263Relatively ffective. Can reduce seed production by 43-76%.254Chaetorellia australisAbundant in the PNW, but only local populations in CA.242, 243Attacks flowerheads and destroys seeds.242, 250; 263Not doing much damage in CA.250Larinus curtusAbundant in the PNW, but only local populations in CA.242, 243, 250Attacks flowerheads and destroys seeds.242; 263   sd;1QB'QB'$>%CYTSCOChondrostereum purpureumPrevents regrowth of cut stems.77MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMI($%CYTSCOFusarium tumidumBioherbicide may supress germination.232Innoculation supressed seedling growth.232Reduced growth by 50-70% in greenhouse setting.77Leucoptera spartifoliellaIntroduced in CA. Limited effect.233Twig mining moth.235Inroduced in PNW and CA. Causes only minor damage.235Exapion fuscirostreInroduced in CA. Limited effect.233, 38Ineffective.55, 235Eats seeds.235Exapion fuscirostreReleased in OR238More effective along the CA coast than in the Sierras.45Kills about 50% of the seeds.40Bruchidius villosusReleased in OR Attacks seeds.Uncertain effect238{iiJ51zXC> zuLG $%CHOJUNCystiphora schmidtiSpread throughout the Northwest.215Reduces photosynthesis and reproduction.215Aceria chondrillaeAffects biotypes found in OR, ID, and WA.215Eats above ground parts and reduces seed production.218Puccinia chondrillinaMost effective biocontrol organism in CA.224???????????????????:yyytJE#$>%CHOJUNBradyrrhoa gilreolellaLarvae feeds on roots.213USDA has approved release in Interior Northwest. Still under ES review.213Rust isolates PC-1 and PC-16Effective in CA.Enea chondrillaeWidely established and effective on undisturbed, well-drained sites.Affected by a predatory mite in CA.Cystiphora schmidtiHas reduced seed production and biomass in WA, but has had limited success elsewhere.Puccinia chondrillaSpread throughout CA and OR.215Reduces plant height, flowering, and seed production215Needs moisture to spread.215=8S>>>>>C>&$%CHOJUNPuccinia chondrillaAttacks flowering stems and buds.200, 218, 224, 223Kills seedlings and young plants.200, 218, 223, 224Reduced growth rate, root regeneration capasity, flower, stem, and bud production, and seed viability .200Puccinia chondrillaDoesn't affect Spokane, WA or Post Fall, ID biotypes. Not effective in Interior Northwest.200, 209, 213, 215Dessicates leaves.205Slows photosynthesis.205Aceria chondrillaeAttacks flowering stems.200, 205Reduces or prevents seed production.200, 205, 209, 215Only effective on one growth form found in the NW. Not very effective in the Interior Northwest.205, 213Cystiphora schmidtiFeeds on leaves and stems.200, 218Infested plants produce 60% fewer flowers.200Deforms plants and reduces seed production.205, 209Cystiphora schmidtiAttacks all three growth forms found in the NW205, 215Insect is highly sensitive to climate.205Not very effective in the Interior Northwest.209, 213O:0+p}ZF#$%BROTECNone approved185, 190, 196,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,$ l% CIRARVLema cyanellaFeeds on leaves.297Has little impact.297Orellia ruficaudaDamages seed heads.297Reduces seed production.297Larinus planusFeeds on flowers, leaves, and seeds.297, 307Has little impact.297Reduces seed production.307Puccinia punctiformisConsidered for release.297Has been shown to cause significant damage in trials.297}FA( zu`MMMH4/$>% CIRARVSclerotinia sclerotiorumExperimental introductions only.290Kills 20-80% of shoots.290Enhances impact of Ceutorhynchus litura.297Cassida rubiginosaDefoliates plant.297Has little impact except under specific circumstances.297, 308Ceutorhynchus lituraFeeds on stems and root crown.297, 307Has little impact because plants quickly replace damaged shoots.297, 308Can greatly reduce the survival of above and below ground shoots.303Urophora carduiAttacks shoots.297Has little impact.297Altica carduorumFeeds on leaves.297Has little impact.[[[[GB0J@    mhOJ($?% POTRECTinthia mosaeformisTargeted for screening.276Anthonomus rubripesTargeted for screening.276ttttttttttttttttttttttttttoVAAAAA<#$% CARNUTRhinocyllus conicusEats seed producing tissues.275, 455, 461Established in the Northwest and northern plains states.275Reduces seed production by 10-78% and reduces seed dispersal.275, 461Trichosirocalus horridusFeeds on rosette crowns, growing points and shoots.275, 455, 461Established in the Northwest.275Predicted to be most effective spp. in Australia.456Cheilosa corydonDecreases flowering and seed production.275Interrupts nutrient and water transport.275Only established in Maryland.275Puccinia carduorumAttacks above-ground foliage.275Reduces seed set and quality.275Established in eastern states.275Rhinocyllus conicusHas been more successful at controlling other Carduus species.455Reduced seed production in Kansas by 45%.459In combination with T. horridus, can reduce seed production by as much as 59%.4591,}^Y:&!ZU6'PA#$% ACRREPSubanguina picridisApproved for release.273Gall forming nematode.273Not proven to be effective.273~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~y\W?:#$%CENSOLChaetorellia succineaWidespread in CA and PNW.242, 250Accidentally introduced.242, 250Attacks flowerheads and destroys seeds.242; 263Puccinia jaceae var. solstitialisExperimental releases only. Waiting for approval to release more.248Attacks leaves and stems, reducing root growth and seed production.248Reduces root mass.264Combined effect of biocontrol organismsUnpredictable. May be reducing seeds and seedlings without reducing infestation of yellow star-thistle.242Potential to reduce yellow star-thistle.263Reduced seed production and seedling density.266Chaetorellia succineaWhere established, attacks 36-50% of seedheads, reducing seed production by 78%.250Relatively effective. Can reduce seed production by 43-76%.254Urophora jaculata,,,,,,,id50ojVQ ndJ@%$O / kQ;%LINVULEteobaliea intermediellaApproved but not yet established.341Eats roots.417, 420Can reduce seed weight and flowering period.417, 420Gymnetron netumAccidentally introduced.341, 417Feeds on seeds, buds, and stems.341, 417Established in northern U.S. and B.C. and effectively reducing spread.341, 417Eupithecia linariataLarvae damage flowers.417Tested and recommended, but not yet approved for release.417hRHg]PK($%LINVULBrachypterolus pulicariusCan reduce seed production by 74-90%.341, 417, 420Well established and reducing spread.341, 417, 420Feeds on floral ovaries, buds, and young stems.341, 417, 420Gymnetron antirrhiniCan reduce seed production by 85-90%.341, 417, 420Well established and effectively reducing spread.341, 417Feeds on seeds.420Mecinus janthinusWell established in B.C. and Washington, less well established in other areas of the Northwest.341Feeds on shoots.341, 417Calophasia lunulaReleased but failed to establish.341, 420Feeds on leaves, causing up to 20% defoliation.420Eteobaliea serratellaApproved but not yet established.341Feeds on roots and can reduce seed weight and shorten flowering period.417Causes shortened flowering season and lowers seed production.420PK zI?   to^T!_P)$%LEPLATNone approved.340, 448(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((($%TAMSPPDiorhabda elongataApproved for Texas, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Nevada, and California.339, 397No clear impact on tamarisk.339Feeds on leaves.397Trabutina mannipara397Coniatus tamarisci397rh"$ %TAECAPFusarium culmorumPotential biocontrol agent.335CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC>!$%HYPPERChrysolina quadrigeminaDominant control spp. in Idaho grasslands.317Reduced H. perforatum to <1% of previous occurance in northern California.320Effective.321Chrysolina hypericiDominant control spp. in Idaho forests.317Effective.321Together, Chrysolina spp. have effectively reduced H. perforatum to <2% of initial levels, except in areas where the insects don't thrive.321, 155Agrilus hypericiHas contributed to control in Idaho.317Zeuxidiplosis giardiAplocera plagiataEstablished in the Northwest.318Porvides relatively good control, but not in all ecosystems.318qqql.)  XS'$%EUPESUSpurgia esulaFeeds on shoot tips and stimulates gall production.310, 370Established in the NW.310Reduces energy reserves and prevents flower and seed formation.370yt\R$%EUPESUApthona spp.Adults feed on leaves. Larvae feed on roots and root hairs.310, 370Approved and released in NW.310Limited to areas with heavy litter.310Apthona spp.Provides effective controlwhen combined with fall applications of picloram and 2,4-D.310Disrupts vascular tissues.370Hyles euphorbiaeAttacks leaves and flowers.310, 368Released in the NW.310Failed to establish in western Canada.365Chamaesphecia empiformisAttacks roots.310, 368Released but has not established in the NW.310, 368Oberea erythrocephalaAttacks stems and root crowns.310, 370Established in the NW.310Reduces carbohydrates in the roots.370g]=&&&tjM;;;6cY$?=   X]%CENCALNone$%LYTSALNanophyes brevisFeeds on flowers.389Hasn't been released in the U.S.389Myzus lythriAbandoned because not considered effective enough.389Bayeria salicariaAbandoned because not considered effective enough.389Reduces growth and seed production.392Forms galls on shoots and flowers.392EEEEEEEEEEEEEEE@m___Z83 $%RUBARMNONE$%LYTSALGalerucella calmariensisFeeds on foliage and flowers.347, 388, 392Stunts plants and reduces seed production.388, 392Very effective when used in conjunction with G. pusilla.347Galerucella pusillaFeeds on foliage and flowers.347, 392Stunts plants and reduces seed production.388, 392Very effective when used in conjunction with G. calmariensis.347Hylobius transversovittatusFeeds on roots, shoots, and leaves.347, 388, 389, 392Released in Washington.347When in great numbers, can reduce shoot and root growth, seed development, root and shoot biomass and increase mortality.388, 389Nanophyes marmoratusFeeds on foliage and flowers.347, 389, 392Released in Canada.347Can reduce seed production by 70%.Galerucella spp.When in large numbers, can defoliate plants.389Less severe attacks reduce shoot and root gtowth, eliminate seed production, and increase branching.389In Oregon and Washington, have reduced flowering and seed production significantly (>80%).389 C>|r~?5 VG($%CYNOFFMogulones crucigerFeeds on roots.410Screening is complete but it has not yet been released.410Mogulones spp.Three species of weevils being screened for use as biological control agents.410Longitarsus quadrigullatusFeeds on roots.410Cheilosia pasquorumFeeds on roots.4107777777777772!     vvvq83"$%CONARVAceria malherbaeReleased in Montana and Texas.343, 359Gall forming.359Feeds on buds and leaves.359Tyta luctuosaReleased in Arizona, Iowa, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas.343Feeds on leaves.359Chelymorpha cassideaFeeds on leaves.359Native to eastern North America.359Galeruca rufaFeeds on leaves and reduces flower production and plant vigor.Considered a potential control agent.G8883 ~y^YJ@ $?%CARDRANone342$%LINDALGymnetron netumAccidentally introduced.341Feeds on seeds, buds, and stems.341Established in northern U.S. and B.C.341Calophasia lunulaHas a limited ability to establish, though populations are doing well in Montana.415Mecinus janthinusCurrently being tested.415Feeds on flowering plants.415Chrysolina gypsophilaeRecommended for release.415Gymnetron linariaeApproved for release in Canada.415fNNNI-(e`>9$%LINDALBrachypterolus pulicariusCan reduce seed production by 43-93%.341, 415, 420Well established.341Feeds on floral ovaries, buds, and young stems.341Gymnetron antirrhiniMostly feeds on L.vulgaris.341Well established.341Feeds on seed capsules and, in conjunction with B. pulicarius, can reduce seed production.415Mecinus janthinusWell established in B.C. and Washington, less well established in other areas of the Northwest.341Feeds on shoots.341Eteobaliea serratellaApproved but not yet established.341Eteobaliea intermediellaApproved but not yet established.341Feeds on vegetative plants.415ojG-----(q^Ywr_P)$L SD 5 k i HOr%*CONMACHydadaphis foeniculiCauses seed damage.514Needs further study.514Agonopterix alstroemerianaAccidentally introduced and widely dispersed.517Feeds on leaves, bus, seeds, stems, and flowers.517In high densities, can defoliate plants.517Agonopterix alstroemerianaMay prevent seed production.517OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOJ, uYYYT>9$$%)MYRSPIEuhrychiopsis leconteiAssociated with declining populations of species.511, 229Has a negative effect on growth and buoyancy.511, 229Damages and reduces the viability of stem fragments (asexual propagules).229cY&$%(TRITERMicrolarinus lareyniiMore effective in warm and arid climates507, 509Not adapted to the Pacific Northwest climate.507, 509Feeds on seeds.171Microlarinus lypriformisMore effective in warm and arid climates507, 509Not adapted to the Pacific Northwest climate.507, 509Feeds on stems171Microlarinus lareynii and M. lypriformisTwenty years after release of both weevils, seed production reduced by 46% in areas of California.171Twenty years after release of both weevils, seed viability and cover declined in areas of California.171CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC>nD?/%YO%$%'CRUVULNone$%&CARPUBNone$%%SONARVTephritis dilacerataReleased in Canada but not established.491, 493Feeds on seedheads, forming galls.491Cystiphora sonchiReleased and established in Canada.493Forms galls on vegetative organs.491Prevents seed production.493Liriomyza sonchiFeeds on leaves.493Release approved in Canada.493, 496Cystiphora sonchiNo reduction in perennial sowthistle observed where established.496hUUUK.){WM$$%$ISATINPuccinia thlaspeosWidespread native rust.487Infested plants do not produce seed.488kkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkkf@;"$%#CARNUTTrichosirocalus horridusIneffective a low larval densities.459At high densities, seed production reduced by 30%.459Plant survival is not affected.459RM($%"CARNUTUrophora solstitialisFeeds on seeds.456Predicted to be the most effective spp. in New Zealand.456yyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyyt;6%$%!ABUTHENiesthrea lousianicaFeeds on seeds.440Native. Only found in Missouri and Mississippi.440Reduces longevity of seeds.440Niesthrea lousianicaCan reduce reproductive ability by 98-99%.441Verticillium dahliaeSuggested as a biocontrol, but affect soybeans too.441Fusarium lateritiumMycoherbicide441Supresses growth.441Colletotrichum coccodesMycoherbicide441Damages leaves and kills plants.441jjjeRM>)))))$pk:5$$% BUDDAVCleopus japonicusReduces stem length and biomass and can kill plants.426Studied in New Zealand.426Mecyslous erroFeeds on stems.426Studied in New Zealand.426zzzu\W!$>%DIPFULLongitarsus strigicollisFeeds on foliage, attacking first year rosettes.409Authors believe species has a high potential, but it has not yet been approved for release.409Chromatomyia ramosaFeeds on first year rosettes.409Authors believe species has a high potential, but it has not yet been approved for release.409\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\W_Z($>  %+CARACARhinocyllus conicusProvides only partial control of C acanthoides.519, 522Widespread in the PNW.520Eats seeds and flowers.520, 522Trichosirocalus horridusFeeds on rosettes and kills root crowns.519, 522Provides effective control.519Takes 10-12 years for population reductions to become evident.519Puccinia carduorumAn introduced rust fungus.519Shortens lifespan and reduces seed production.519Rhinocyllus conicusTo promote, don't mow or mow in strips while in the bud stage.520Trichosirocalus horridusPrefers C. nutans.522Causes plants to produce more stems and a larger crown.522Can reduce seed production.522JE1gSN {v^T#$  @ @ @ @ @      !"#$%&'( ) * +  @ @ @ @ @      !"#$%&'( ) * +  @ @ @ @ @ JLomWQJMiiQfLidmQMLoOOJqMJiJMJMJiOiJMJibomMJibomMJibomMJifoLMQbMJ^MQbkd^MQbkd^MWd[obMWd[obMWd[obMYiJiqMYiJiqMdbJiqMdb`JM Mioqo^MvbdSSMvmkMdMvmkMdOYfSo^QofQkoQofQkoWvffQiYkJmYb^Qf^Jm^YbOJ^^YbOJ^^Ybqo^^Ybqo^^vmkJ^^vmkJ^`vikfY fdmiQMioLJi`kdbJiqmJQMJfmJ`kffmiYmQi Y""N""""""Y  Y sP Y PKeyCodeDescriptionwPwPwPwwPwPwPwwPwPwPwYYYCodeKeyPrimaryKeyv1P"Oq2 \  O & ^ ) \  z =  "FRES44Alpine!FRES42Annual grasslands4 FRES41Wet grasslands.FRES40Desert grasslands4FRES39Prairie FRES38Plains grasslands4FRES37Mountain meadows2FRES36Mountain grasslands8FRES35Pinyon-juniper.FRES34Chaparral-mountain shrubBFRES33Southwestern shrubsteppeBFRES32Texas savanna,FRES31Shinnery"FRES30Desert shrub*FRES29Sagebrush$FRES28Western hardwoods4FRES27Redwood FRES26Lodgepole pine.FRES25LarchFRES24Hemlock-Sitka spruce:FRES23Fir-spruce& FRES22Western white pine6 FRES21Ponderosa pine. FRES20Douglas-fir( FRES19Aspen-birch( FRES18Maple-beech-birch4FRES17Elm-ash-cottonwood6FRES16Oak-gum-cypress0FRES15Oak-hickory(FRES14Oak-pine"FRES13Loblolly-shortleaf pine@FRES12Longleaf-slash pine8FRES11Spruce-fir&FRES10White-red-jack pine8f  @ @ @ @ SiQk86SiQk88SiQk8:SiQk8<SiQk8>SiQk8@SiQk8BSiQk8DSiQk8FSiQk8H SiQk:6 SiQk:8 SiQk:: SiQk:< SiQk:>SiQk:@SiQk:BSiQk:DSiQk:FSiQk:HSiQk<6SiQk<8SiQk<:SiQk<<SiQk<>SiQk<@SiQk6SiQk>8SiQk>: SiQk>>!  @ @ @ @           ! "!  @ @ @ @           ! "! ]YNY  Y d Y d Y d Y wdY Y  Y Y Y  $Y  ,Y  4 Y  wd Y  wPd OBJIDHABCODEHabitatTypeCoverClassDisturbLevelMaxTempMinTempOptTempPMaxPMinPOptSoilFertilityOthrSoilFactsCitation PwPwPwPPwPwPwPPwPwPwPPwPwPwPYYYYHabitatcitation OBJIDPrimaryKeySPPCODEHv1b@@5d 2 g . d 0 `3e2SESteppe MeadowQQQQQB>SRSteppe RiparianSSSSSB>SLSteppe Low UplandUUUUUB>SMSteppe Mid UplandUUUUUB>SHSteppe High UplandVVVVVB>SSSteppe SubalpineTTTTTB>SASteppe AlpineQQQQQB>RERockies MeadowRRRRRB>RRRockies RiparianTTTTTB>RLRockies Low UplandVVVVVB>RMRockies Mid UplandVVVVVB>RHRockies High UplandWWWWWB>RSRockies SubalpineUUUUUB>RARockies AlpineRRRRRB>PEPacific MeadowRRRRRB> PRPacific RiparianTTTTTB> PLPacific Low UplandVVVVVB> PMPacific Mid UplandVVVVVB> PHPacific High UplandWWWWWB> PSPacific SubalpineUUUUUB>PAPacific AlpineRRRRRB>CECascade MeadowRRRRRB>CRCascade RiparianTTTTTB>CLCascade Low UplandVVVVVB>CMCascade Mid UplandVVVVVB>CHCascade High UplandWWWWWB>CSCascade SupalpineUUUUUB>CACascade AlpineRRRRRB>  B!B!B!     $  @ @ @          $  @ @ @          $  @ @ @MJMQMWM^M`MiMkfJfQ fW f^ f` fi fkiJiQiWi^i`iiikkJkQkWk^k`kikk&YttsslandNttY Y F Y dIDCodeDescriptionPYPrimaryKeyv1@`5;\ ^+ V  < g " A r ;  1^5~1Wai0i*I;K059Trans-Pecos shrub savanna@:K058Grama-tobosa shrubsteppe>9K057Galleta-threeawn shrubsteppeF8K056Wheatgrass-needlegrass shrubsteppeR7K055Sagebrush steppe.6K054Grama-tobosa prairie65K053Grama-galleta steppe64K052Alpine meadows and barren@3K051Wheatgrass-bluegrass62K050Fescue-wheatgrass01K049Tule marshes&0K048California steppe0/K047Fescue-oatgrass,.K046Desert: vegetation largely lackingR-K045Ceniza shrub&,K044Creosote bush-tarbush8+K043Paloverde-cactus shrub:*K042Creosote bush-bur sage:)K041Creosote bush((K040Saltbush-greasewood4'K039Blackbrush"&K038Great Basin sagebrush8%K037Mountain-mahogany-oak scrubD$K036Mosaic of K030 and K035<#K035Coastal sagebrush0"K034Montane chaparral0!K033Chaparral  K032Transition between K031 and K037NK031Oak-juniper woodland6K030California oakwoods4K029California mixed evergreen forestPK028Mosaic of K002 and K026<K027Mesquite bosques.K026Oregon oakwoods,K025Alder-ash forest.K024Juniper steppe woodland<K023Juniper-pinyon woodland<K022Great Basin pine forest<K021Southwestern spruce-fir forestJK020Spruce-fir-Douglas-fir forestHK019Arizona pine forest4K018Pine-Douglas-fir forest<K017Black Hills pine forest<K016Eastern ponderosa forest>K015Western spruce-fir forest@K014Grand fir-Douglas-fir forestF K013Cedar-hemlock-pine forest@ K012Douglas-fir forest2 K011Western ponderosa forest> K010Ponderosa shrub forest: K009Pine-cypress forest4K008Lodgepole pine-subalpine forestLK007Red fir forest*K006Redwood forest*K005Mixed conifer forest6K004Fir-hemlock forest2K003Silver fir-Douglas-fir forestHK002Cedar-hemlock-Douglas-fir forestNK001Spruce-cedar-hemlock forestDU9;v3 H V  N  j % E  m8 JYo*47tOtK116Subtropical pine forest<sK115Sand pine scrub,rK114PocosinqK113Southern floodplain forestBpK112Southern mixed forest8oK111Oak-hickory-pine.nK110Northeastern oak-pine forestFmK109Transition between K104 and K106NlK108Northern hardwoods-spruce forestNkK107Northern hardwoods-fir forestHjK106Northern hardwoods2iK105MangrovehK104Appalachian oak forest:gK103Mixed mesophytic forest<fK102Beech-maple forest2eK101Elm-ash forest*dK100Oak-hickory forest2cK099Maple-basswood forest8bK098Northern floodplain forestBaK097Southeastern spruce-fir forestJ`K096Northeastern spruce-fir forestJ_K095Great Lakes pine forest<^K094Conifer bog$]K093Great Lakes spruce-fir forestH\K092Everglades"[K091Cypress savanna,ZK090Live oak-sea oats0YK089Black Belt"XK088Fayette prairie,WK087Mesquite-oak savanna6VK086Juniper-oak savanna4UK085Mesquite-buffalo grass:TK084Cross Timbers(SK083Cedar glades&RK082Mosaic of K074 and K100<QK081Oak savanna$PK080Marl everglades,OK079Palmetto prairie.NK078Southern cordgrass prairieBMK077Bluestem-sacahuista prairieDLK076Blackland prairie0KK075Nebraska Sandhills prairieBJK074Bluestem prairie.IK073Northern cordgrass prairieBHK072Sea oats prairie.GK071ShinneryFK070Sandsage-bluestem prairie@EK069Bluestem-grama prairie:DK068Wheatgrass-grama-buffalo grassJCK067Wheatgrass-bluestem-needlegrassLBK066Wheatgrass-needlegrass:AK065Grama-buffalo grass4@K064Grama-needlegrass-wheatgrassF?K063Foothills prairie0>K062Mesquite-live oak savanna@=K061Mesquite-acacia savanna<<K060Mesquite savanna.  @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @ @           ! "!#"$#%$&%'&(')(*)+*,+-,.-/.0/102132435465768798:9;:<=>?@ABCDE F G H I JKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\ ]!^"_#`$a%b&c'd(e)f*g+h,i-j.k/l0m1n2o3p4q5r6s7t8 !Y N   Y  Y dY Y Y Y Y Y Y Y  Y  Y   OBJIDSpecies CodeSeed*Seed-Dispersal stage?Seedling2Seedling-Dispersal stage?Juvenile2Juvenile-Dispersal stage?Rosette0Rosette-Dispersal stage? Adult,Adult-Dispersal stage?PwPwwPPwPwwPPwPwwPYYY OBJIDPrimaryKeySpecies Codev1@ 9 @@@ @@  @   @@JbJ`QkL^YSQSdi`MdiYUYbOWJLYmJmQOYkmoiLJbMQSMYmJmYdbkUkQQOfidOoMmYdbWkQQOOQkMiYfmYdbYkQQOOYkfQikJ^[kQQOOYkfQikJ^`QMWJbYk`\kQQOUQi`YbJmYdb^kQQOLJb\`kQQO^YbUOQbkYmvb[oqQbY^QOQbkYmvdJOo^mOQbkYmvfkoiqYqdikWYf hmiJbkYmYdbk!iiQfidOoMmYqQJUQ"kfidfJUo^Q#kmJimSdi`$mfdfo^JmYdbUidsmWiJmQ%oSYiQ&qWQiLYMYOQ's`ds(uMd`fQmYmYdb)uUiJxQ*vMo^mYqJmYdb+xLYd^dUYMJ^Mdbmid^,x`JbJUQ`Qbm-xxWJLYmJmMWJiJMmQiYkmYMkxx^YSQWYkmdivkmJUQkxx`JbJUQ`QbmkokMQfmYLY^Ymv`dOo^Q8`dOo^Q:MdfvdSiQ^JmYdbkWYfkSdikfQMYQkOQ`dUiJfWYMk8iQ^JmYdbkWYfkSdikfQMYQkOQ`dUiJfWYMkiQ^JmYdbkWYfkSdikfQMYQkOQ`dUiJfWYMk8JO`YbOJmJJMMQkkfJUQkOJmJLJkQkSdi`k `dOo^Qk iQ^JmYdbkWYfkiQfdimk kMiYfmk kvkiQ^ mJL^Qk+kh+MxxJomWdikQJiMW+kh+MMd`Ld8B +kh+SJbJ`Qk +kh+SL^YSQSdi`$&+kh+SMdiYUYb.+kh+SOWJLYmJm$+kh+SQOYkmoiLJbMQ-+kh+SSMYmJmYdbk+kh+SUkQQOfidOoMmYdb$+kh+SWkQQOOQkMiYfmYdb+kh+SYkQQOOYkfQikJ^$ +kh+S[kQQOOYkfQikJ^`QMWJbYk`$+kh+S\kQQOUQi`YbJmYdb +kh+S^kQQOLJb\$+kh+S`kQQO^YbUOQbkYmv(+kh+Sb[oqQbY^QOQbkYmv$"+kh+SdJOo^mOQbkYmv$#+kh+SfkoiqYqdikWYf)+kh+ShmiJbkYmYdbk+kh+SiiQfidOoMmYqQJUQ+kh+SkfidfJUo^Q+kh+SkmJimSdi`+kh+Smfdfo^JmYdbUidsmWiJmQ+kh+SoSYiQ+kh+SqWQiLYMYOQ +kh+Ss`ds!+kh+SuMd`fQmYmYdb"+kh+SuUiJxQ#+kh+SvMo^mYqJmYdb$+kh+SxLYd^dUYMJ^Mdbmid^%+kh+Sx`JbJUQ`Qbm&+kh+SxxWJLYmJmMWJiJMmQiYkmYMk+kh+Sxx^YSQWYkmdivkmJUQk+kh+Sxx`JbJUQ`QbmkokMQfmYLY^YmvJbJ`QkJOOkffMdOQmdiYMQOJmJL^YSQSdi`MdiYUYbMYmJmYdbhoQivMd``db+bJ`QkOWJLYmJm OQ^QmQhoQiv QOYkmoiLJbMQ SMYmJmYdb UkQQOfidOoMmYdb WkQQOOQkMiYfmYdbYkQQOOYkfQikJ^YbkQimbMYmJmYdb[kQQOOYkfQikJ^`QMWJbYk`\kQQOUQi`YbJmYdb^kQQOLJb\^dd\ofhoQiv`kQQO^YbUOQbkYmv`J\QbQskfMmJL^Q`kvkJMMQkkdL[QMmk`kvkJMMQkku`^`kvkJMQk`kvkY`QuMd^o`bk`kvkY`QukfQMk`kvkdL[QMmk`kvkhoQiYQk`kvkiQ^JmYdbkWYfkb[oqQbY^QOQbkYmvdJOo^mOQbkYmvfkoiqYqdikWYfhmiJbkYmYdbkiiQfidOoMmYqQJUQkfidfJUo^Q kfQMYQkkQQOkfidOoMQO!kfQMYQkhoQiv8"kfQMYQk^YSQSdi`#mfdfo^JmYdbUidsmWiJmQ$oSYiQ%qWQiLYMYOQ&s`ds'uMd`fQmYmYdb(uUiJxQ)vMo^mYqJmYdb*xLYd^dUYMJ^Mdbmid^xxQMdkvkmQ`MdOQkxxWJLYmJmMWJiJMmQiYkmYMkxx\oMW^QiMdOQkJMMQkk^Jvdom`kvkOLko``JivYbSdokQiOQSYbQO@@   @@   @ @ @+kh+ShmiJbkYmYdbk*+kh+SiiQfidOoMmYqQJUQ,+kh+SkfidfJUo^Q+kh+SkmJimSdi`$+kh+Smfdfo^JmYdbUidsmWiJmQ,+kh+SoSYiQ%+kh+SqWQiLYMYOQ&+kh+Ss`ds!+kh+SuMd`fQmYmYdb"+kh+SuUiJxQ'+kh+SvMo^mYqJmYdb$+kh+SxLYd^dUYMJ^Mdbmid^$+kh+Sx`JbJUQ`Qbm&+kh+SxxWJLYmJmMWJiJMmQiYkmYMk+kh+Sxx^YSQWYkmdivkmJUQk+kh+Sxx`JbJUQ`QbmkokMQfmYLY^Ymv+JbJ`QkJOOkffMdOQmdiYMQOJmJL^YSQSdi`MdiYUYbMYmJmYdbhoQivMd``db+bJ`QkOWJLYmJm OQ^QmQhoQiv QOYkmoiLJbMQ SMYmJmYdb UkQQOfidOoMmYdb WkQQOOQkMiYfmYdbYkQQOOYkfQikJ^YbkQimbMYmJmYdb[kQQOOYkfQikJ^`QMWJbYk`\kQQOUQi`YbJmYdb^kQQOLJb\^dd\ofhoQiv`kQQO^YbUOQbkYmv`J\QbQskfMmJL^Q`kvkJMMQkkdL[QMmk`kvkJMMQkku`^`kvkJMQk`kvkY`QuMd^o`bk`kvkY`QukfQMk`kvkdL[QMmk`kvkhoQiYQk`kvkiQ^JmYdbkWYfkb[oqQbY^QOQbkYmvdJOo^mOQbkYmvfkoiqYqdikWYfhmiJbkYmYdbkiiQfidOoMmYqQJUQkfidfJUo^Q kfQMYQkkQQOkfidOoMQO!kfQMYQkhoQiv8"kfQMYQk^YSQSdi`#mfdfo^JmYdbUidsmWiJmQ$oSYiQ%qWQiLYMYOQ&s`ds'uMd`fQmYmYdb(uUiJxQ)vMo^mYqJmYdb*xLYd^dUYMJ^Mdbmid^xxQMdkvkmQ`MdOQkxxWJLYmJmMWJiJMmQiYkmYMkxx\oMW^QiMdOQkxx^YSQWYkmdivkmJUQkxx`JbJUQ`QbmkokMQfmYLY^YmvxxbkfMqQUMdOQkxxiYMQf^JbmkxxkJSMdOQkxxki`MdOQk JMMQkk^Jvdom`kvkOLko``JivYbSdokQiOQSYbQOQMdkvkmQ`kMdOQkbkfMqQUMdOQk bkfMqQUMdOQk\oMW^QiMdOQk bkfMqQUMdOQkkJSMdOQk bkfMqQUMdOQkki`MdOQk  |fP:$ CARNUT CYTSCOW POTREC EUPESU DIPFUL CIRARV CHOJUN CENSOL CENSTO BROTECW   @     @     @ LidmQMMJibom MQbkd^MQbkmdMWd[obMYiJiqMvmkMdOYfSo^QofQkofdmiQM YN Y  Y d Y  Y  d Y wd Y wPd Y P Y d Y wd Y  wPd OBJIDSPPCODE6Management susceptibility 1 Cit 1a Cit 1b Cit 1c6Management susceptibility 2 Cit 2a Cit 2b Cit 2cPwPwPwPPwPwPwPYYPrimaryKeySPPCODEv1 e 3   ABUTHELow. Huge, persistent seedbank and seedlings emerge throughout the season.440, 441dddddddZ  RUBARMLow379Low, must reduce clonal sprouting.380AAA< EUPESULow372, 373  CONARVLow; Must remove established plants (and their roots) and prevent seedling establishment.343Low; total eradication is not a realistic goal.359nnni CARDRALow; need to apply multiple strategies to control.342GGGGGGGB  LEPLATVery low; Must kill all roots to a depth of 3+m.340, 446JJJJJJJ@  TAMSPPVery low339  SORHALMedium281Low288, 308***  CARNUTMay take 15 years of control efforts to completely eliminate, sue to soil seed bank.275iiiiiiid  ACRREPlow. Needs an integrated approach.27177777772  CENSOLControl requires multiple treatments over multiple years and suppression of seed production.254qqqqqqql  CHOJUNlow205, 213, 217"""""""  BROTEClow182, 196Complete eradication is not a realistic goal.196QQQL SENJACHeavily infested sites that support all growth stages and a seed bank make control impossible when only one stage of the plant is targeted.176  CYTSCOMedium31Low236, 77(((   @ @          ]  @ @JLomWQJMiiQfLidmQMMJiOiJ MJibomMQbkd^MWd[obMdbJiq MvmkMdQofQko ^Qf^Jm ioLJi` kQb[JMkdiWJ^mJ`kff `YPNPP4 Y d Y d Y d Y @d Y wd Y wPd Y PdSPPCODEVegGrpCodeInvasibilityLandUseDisturbLevelCoverClassCitationwPwPwPwwPwPwPwYYSPPCODEVegGrpCodev1dd=zU. m F f ?  | U .  m F  ] 6  sL%b;xQ*iBZ3 pI"_8uN'CONARVCRBS04D CHOJUNCRBS04D CENSOLCRBS04D CENMACCRBS04D CENDIFCRBS04D CARDRACRBS04D BROTECCRBS04I TAECAPCRBS03D SONARVCRBS03D LINDALCRBS03D LEPLATCRBS03D HYPPERCRBS03D HALGLOCRBS03D EUPESUCRBS03D CYNOFFCRBS03D CONARVCRBS03D CHOJUNCRBS03D CENSOLCRBS03D CENMACCRBS03D CENDIFCRBS03D CARNUTCRBS03D CARDRACRBS03D BROTECCRBS03D TAECAPCRBS02D SONARVCRBS02D SEJACRBS02DLINDALCRBS02D LEPLATCRBS02D HYPPERCRBS02D HALGLOCRBS02D EUPESUCRBS02D ECVUCRBS02DDAUCARCRBS02D CYNOFFCRBS02D CONARVCRBS02D CHOJUNCRBS02D CENSOLCRBS02D CENMACCRBS02I CENDIFCRBS02D CARNUTCRBS02D CARDRACRBS02D BROTECCRBS02I TAECAPCRBS01D SONARVCRBS01D LINDALCRBS01D LEPLATCRBS01D HYPPERCRBS01D HALGLOCRBS01D EUPESUCRBS01D CYNOFFCRBS01D CONARVCRBS01D CHOJUNCRBS01D CENSOLCRBS01D CENMACCRBS01D CENDIFCRBS01D CARNUTCRBS01D CARDRACRBS01D BROTECCRBS01D TAECAPCRB008D SONARVCRB008D POCU6CRB008D LYTSALCRB008D LINDALCRB008D HYPPERCRB008D HIAUCRB008DCYNOFFCRB008D CONARVCRB008D CHOJUNCRB008D CENSOLCRB008D CENMACCRB008D CENDIFCRB008D CARNUTCRB008D CARDRACRB008D BROTECCRB008D TAECAPCRB007D SONARVCRB007I SEJACRB007DROSYCRB007IPRLOCRB007DPOCU6CRB007D ONACCRB007DMYSP2CRB007I SONARVCRB005D LINDALCRB005D HIAUCRB005DLYTSALCRB007I LINDALCRB007D LEPLATCRB007D HYPPERCRB007I HIAUCRB007IEUPESUCRB007D 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OryzalongistaminataCRB007I'% Orobanchespp.CRB007D!OnopordumacanthiumCRB007D&$NardusstrictaCRB007D!MyriophyllumspicatumCRB007I(&MyriophyllumbrasilienseCRB007I+)!MonochoriavaginalisCRB007D'%MonochoriahastataCRB007D%#MatricariamaritimaCRB007D&$AgropyronrepensCRB007I#!AbutilontheophrastiCRB007D'%SonchusarvensisCRB005D#!LinariadalmaticaCRB005D$"HieraciumaurantiacumCRB005D(&EquisetumarvenseCRB005D$"~CirsiumvulgareCRB005D" }CirsiumarvenseCRB005D" |AgropyronrepensCRB005D#!PLythrumsalicariaCRB007I$"OLychnisalbaCRB007DNLinariavulgarisCRB007I#!MLinariadalmaticaCRB007D$"LLimnophilasessilifloraCRB007D*( KLeptochloachinensisCRB007D'%JLepidiumlatifoliumCRB007D&$ILagarosiphonmajorCRB007I%#HKochiascopariaCRB007D" GIsatistinctoriaCRB007D#!FHypochaerisradicataCRB007I'%EHypericumperforatumCRB007I'%DHyoscyamusnigerCRB007D#!CHydrillaverticulataCRB007I'%BHieraciumpratenseCRB007D%#AHieraciumaurantiacumCRB007I(&@HeracleummantegazzianumCRB007D+)!?EuphorbiaesulaCRB007D" >EquisetumtelmateiaCRB007I&$=EquisetumarvenseCRB007I$"<EmexspinosaCRB007D ;EichhorniaazureaCRB007D$":EgeriadensaCRB007I9DaucuscarotaCRB007I 8CytisusscopariusCRB007D$"7CyperusesculentusCRB007D%#6CynoglossumofficinaleCRB007I)'5Cuscutaspp.CRB007D4CuscutaapproximataCRB007D&$3ConvolvulusarvensisCRB007I'%2ConiummaculatumCRB007I#!1CirsiumvulgareCRB007D" 0CirsiumarvenseCRB007I" /ChrysanthemumleucanthemumCRB007I-+#.CentaureavirgataCRB007D$"-CentaureasolstitialisCRB007I)',CentaurearepensCRB007D#!+CentaureapratensisCRB007D&$*CentaureanigrescensCRB007D'%)CentaureamaculosaCRB007I%#(CentaureadiffusaCRB007D$"'CenchruslongispinusCRB007D'%&CarduusnutansCRB007D!%CarduusacanthoidesCRB007D&$$CardariapubescensCRB007D%##CardariadrabaCRB007D!"BryoniaalbaCRB007D!BromustectorumCRB007D"  AzollapinnataCRB007D!ArtemisiaabsinthiumCRB007I'%ArctiumminusCRB007I AnthriscussylvestrisCRB007D(&.Nk; xF v E  R  a 0 e 4  k 7  i5o?pAPV'Z*d3sCTaeniatherumcaput-medusaeCRBS01D-+#SorghumhalepenseCRBS01D$"SonchusarvensisCRBS01D#!SecalecerealeCRBS01D!PotentillarectaCRBS01D#!OpuntiaaurantiacaCRBS01D%#LinariavulgarisCRBS01D#!LinariadalmaticaCRBS01D$"LepidiumlatifoliumCRBS01D&$KochiascopariaCRBS01D" IsatistinctoriaCRBS01D#!HypericumperforatumCRBS01D'%HyoscyamusnigerCRBS01D#!HalogetonglomeratusCRBS01D'%EuphorbiaesulaCRBS01D" CynoglossumofficinaleCRBS01D)'ConvolvulusarvensisCRBS01D'%CirsiumvulgareCRBS01D" CirsiumarvenseCRBS01D" ChondrillajunceaCRBS01D$"CentaureavirgataCRBS01D$"CentaureasolstitialisCRBS01D)'CentaureapratensisCRBS01D&$CentaureamaculosaCRBS01D%#CentaureadiffusaCRBS01D$"CarduusnutansCRBS01D!CardariapubescensCRBS01D%#CardariadrabaCRBS01D!BromustectorumCRBS01D" ArtemisiaabsinthiumCRBS01D'%VerbascumthapsusCRB008D$"Taeniatherumcaput-medusaeCRB008D-+#SonchusarvensisCRB008D#!PotentillarectaCRB008D#!PolygonumcuspidatumCRB008D'%LythrumsalicariaCRB008D$"LinariavulgarisCRB008D#!LinariadalmaticaCRB008D$"HypericumperforatumCRB008D'%HieraciumpratenseCRB008D%#HieraciumaurantiacumCRB008D(&EquisetumarvenseCRB008D$"CynoglossumofficinaleCRB008D)'ConvolvulusarvensisCRB008D'%CirsiumvulgareCRB008D" CirsiumarvenseCRB008D" ChrysanthemumleucanthemumCRB008D-+#ChondrillajunceaCRB008D$"CentaureavirgataCRB008D$"CentaureasolstitialisCRB008D)'CentaurearepensCRB008D#!CentaureapratensisCRB008D&$CentaureamaculosaCRB008D%#CentaureadiffusaCRB008D$"CarduusnutansCRB008D!CardariapubescensCRB008D%#CardariadrabaCRB008D!BromustectorumCRB008D" ArtemisiaabsinthiumCRB008D'%AgropyronrepensCRB008D#!XanthiumspinosumCRB007D$"VerbascumthapsusCRB007I$"UlexeuropaeusCRB007D! TribulusterrestrisCRB007D&$TanacetumvulgareCRB007I$"Taeniatherumcaput-medusaeCRB007D-+#StratiotesaloidesCRB007D%#SphaerophysasalsulaCRB007D'%SpartinaanglicaCRB007D#!SparganiumerectumCRB007D%#SorghumhalepenseCRB007I$"SonchusarvensisCRB007I#!SolanumrostratumCRB007D$"SolanumdulcamaraCRB007I$"SeneciojacobaeaCRB007D#!SecalecerealeCRB007D!SagittariasagittifoliaCRB007I*( RubusmoluccanusCRB007D#! Oh8uI T # W ' ` 1  f 9 v B  }IV*d6tDuDP"V%b,GHalogetonglomeratusCRBS03D'%FEuphorbiaesulaCRBS03D" ECynoglossumofficinaleCRBS03D)'DConvolvulusarvensisCRBS03D'%CCirsiumvulgareCRBS03D" BCirsiumarvenseCRBS03D" AChondrillajunceaCRBS03D$"@CentaureavirgataCRBS03D$"?CentaureasolstitialisCRBS03D)'>CentaureapratensisCRBS03D&$=CentaureamaculosaCRBS03D%#<CentaureadiffusaCRBS03D$";CarduusnutansCRBS03D!:CardariapubescensCRBS03D%#9CardariadrabaCRBS03D!8BromustectorumCRBS03D" 7ArtemisiaabsinthiumCRBS03D'%6XanthiumspinosumCRBS02D$"5VerbascumthapsusCRBS02D$"4TribulusterrestrisCRBS02D&$3TanacetumvulgareCRBS02D$"2Taeniatherumcaput-medusaeCRBS02D-+#1SorghumhalepenseCRBS02D$"0SonchusarvensisCRBS02D#!/SolanumrostratumCRBS02D$".SolanumdulcamaraCRBS02D$"-SilybummarianumCRBS02D#!,SeneciojacobaeaCRBS02D#!+SecalecerealeCRBS02D!*PotentillarectaCRBS02I#!)PanicummiliaceumCRBS02D$"(OpuntiaaurantiacaCRBS02D%#'MatricariamaritimaCRBS02D&$&LychnisalbaCRBS02D%LinariavulgarisCRBS02D#!$LinariadalmaticaCRBS02D$"#LepidiumlatifoliumCRBS02D&$"KochiascopariaCRBS02D" !IsatistinctoriaCRBS02D#! HypochaerisradicataCRBS02D'%HypericumperforatumCRBS02D'%HyoscyamusnigerCRBS02D#!HibiscustrionumCRBS02D#!HemizoniapungensCRBS02D$"HalogetonglomeratusCRBS02D'%GypsophilapaniculataCRBS02D(&EuphorbiaesulaCRBS02D" EquisetumarvenseCRBS02D$"EchiumvulgareCRBS02D!DaucuscarotaCRBS02D CytisusscopariusCRBS02D$"CynoglossumofficinaleCRBS02D)'ConvolvulusarvensisCRBS02D'%ConiummaculatumCRBS02D#!CirsiumvulgareCRBS02D" CirsiumarvenseCRBS02I" ChondrillajunceaCRBS02D$"CentaureavirgataCRBS02D$" CentaureasolstitialisCRBS02D)' CentaurearepensCRBS02D#! CentaureapratensisCRBS02D&$ CentaureanigraCRBS02D"  CentaureamaculosaCRBS02I%#Centaureajuncea x nigraCRBS02D+)!CentaureadiffusaCRBS02D$"CenchruslongispinusCRBS02D'%CarduusnutansCRBS02D!CarduusacanthoidesCRBS02D&$CardariapubescensCRBS02D%#CardariadrabaCRBS02D!BryoniaalbaCRBS02DBromustectorumCRBS02I" ArtemisiaabsinthiumCRBS02D'%ArctiumminusCRBS02D AnchusaofficinalisCRBS02D&$AgropyronrepensCRBS02D#!AbutilontheophrastiCRBS02D'%VerbascumthapsusCRBS01D$"TribulusterrestrisCRBS01D&$Ol= wI M  Y ( ] , i 3  l < yFX'U%`4s?uEuFMDaucuscarotaCRBS05D CytisusscopariusCRBS05D$"CyperusesculentusCRBS05D%#CynoglossumofficinaleCRBS05I)'Cuscutaspp.CRBS05DCuscutaapproximataCRBS05D&$ConvolvulusarvensisCRBS05D'%ConiummaculatumCRBS05D#!CirsiumvulgareCRBS05I" CirsiumarvenseCRBS05I" ChrysanthemumleucanthemumCRBS05D-+#CentaureavirgataCRBS05D$"CentaureasolstitialisCRBS05D)'CentaurearepensCRBS05D#!CentaureapratensisCRBS05D&$CentaureanigrescensCRBS05D'%CentaureamaculosaCRBS05I%#CentaureadiffusaCRBS05D$"CenchruslongispinusCRBS05D'%CarduusnutansCRBS05I!CarduusacanthoidesCRBS05D&$CardariapubescensCRBS05D%#CardariadrabaCRBS05D!BryoniaalbaCRBS05D~BromustectorumCRBS05D" }ArtemisiaabsinthiumCRBS05D'%|ArctiumminusCRBS05D {AnthriscussylvestrisCRBS05D(&zAgropyronrepensCRBS05I#!yAbutilontheophrastiCRBS05D'%xVerbascumthapsusCRBS04D$"wTribulusterrestrisCRBS04D&$vTaeniatherumcaput-medusaeCRBS04D-+#uSorghumhalepenseCRBS04D$"tSonchusarvensisCRBS04D#!sSecalecerealeCRBS04D!rSalviaaethiopisCRBS04I#!qOrobanchespp.CRBS04D!pOpuntiaaurantiacaCRBS04D%#oOnopordumacanthiumCRBS04D&$nLinariavulgarisCRBS04D#!mLinariadalmaticaCRBS04D$"lLepidiumlatifoliumCRBS04D&$kKochiascopariaCRBS04D" jIsatistinctoriaCRBS04I#!iHypericumperforatumCRBS04D'%hHyoscyamusnigerCRBS04D#!gHalogetonglomeratusCRBS04D'%fEuphorbiaesulaCRBS04D" eCynoglossumofficinaleCRBS04D)'dConvolvulusarvensisCRBS04D'%cCirsiumvulgareCRBS04D" bCirsiumarvenseCRBS04D" aChondrillajunceaCRBS04D$"`CentaureavirgataCRBS04D$"_CentaureasolstitialisCRBS04D)'^CentaurearepensCRBS04D#!]CentaureapratensisCRBS04D&$\CentaureamaculosaCRBS04D%#[CentaureadiffusaCRBS04D$"ZCardariapubescensCRBS04D%#YCardariadrabaCRBS04D!XBromustectorumCRBS04I" WArtemisiaabsinthiumCRBS04D'%VVerbascumthapsusCRBS03D$"UTribulusterrestrisCRBS03D&$TTaeniatherumcaput-medusaeCRBS03D-+#SSorghumhalepenseCRBS03D$"RSonchusarvensisCRBS03D#!QSecalecerealeCRBS03D!POrobanchespp.CRBS03D!OOpuntiaaurantiacaCRBS03D%#NLinariavulgarisCRBS03D#!MLinariadalmaticaCRBS03D$"LLepidiumlatifoliumCRBS03D&$KKochiascopariaCRBS03D" JIsatistinctoriaCRBS03I#!IHypericumperforatumCRBS03D'%HHyoscyamusnigerCRBS03D#!Or?q=  u F  v E  S  Q # ` * c3i9 yIFR['p> x@CentaureapratensisCRBS06D&$CentaureanigraCRBS06D" CentaureamaculosaCRBS06I%#Centaureajuncea x nigraCRBS06D+)!CentaureadiffusaCRBS06D$"CenchruslongispinusCRBS06D'%CarduusnutansCRBS06D!CarduusacanthoidesCRBS06D&$CardariapubescensCRBS06D%#CardariadrabaCRBS06D!BryoniaalbaCRBS06DBromustectorumCRBS06I" AvenasterilisCRBS06D! ArtemisiaabsinthiumCRBS06D'%ArctiumminusCRBS06D AnchusaofficinalisCRBS06D&$AgropyronrepensCRBS06D#!AegilopscylindricaCRBS06D&$AbutilontheophrastiCRBS06D'%XanthiumspinosumCRBS05D$"VerbascumthapsusCRBS05I$"UlexeuropaeusCRBS05D! TribulusterrestrisCRBS05D&$TanacetumvulgareCRBS05I$"Taeniatherumcaput-medusaeCRBS05D-+#StratiotesaloidesCRBS05D%#SphaerophysasalsulaCRBS05D'%SparganiumerectumCRBS05D%#SorghumhalepenseCRBS05D$"SonchusarvensisCRBS05D#!SolanumrostratumCRBS05D$"SolanumdulcamaraCRBS05I$"SeneciojacobaeaCRBS05D#!SecalecerealeCRBS05D!SalviniamolestaCRBS05D#!SalviniaherzogiiCRBS05D$"SalviniabilobaCRBS05D" SalviniaauriculataCRBS05D&$SagittariasagittifoliaCRBS05I*( RubusmoluccanusCRBS05D#! RubusfruiticosusCRBS05D$" RorippasylvestrisCRBS05I%#PotentillarectaCRBS05D#!PolygonumcuspidatumCRBS05D'%PaspalumscrobiculatumCRBS05I)'OtteliaalismoidesCRBS05I%#OryzarufipogonCRBS05I"  OryzapunctataCRBS05I! OryzalongistaminataCRBS05I'% Orobanchespp.CRBS05D!OnopordumacanthiumCRBS05D&$NardusstrictaCRBS05D!MyriophyllumspicatumCRBS05I(&MyriophyllumbrasilienseCRBS05I+)!MonochoriavaginalisCRBS05D'%MonochoriahastataCRBS05D%#MatricariamaritimaCRBS05D&$LythrumsalicariaCRBS05I$"LychnisalbaCRBS05DLinariavulgarisCRBS05D#!LinariadalmaticaCRBS05D$"LimnophilasessilifloraCRBS05D*( LeptochloachinensisCRBS05D'%LepidiumlatifoliumCRBS05D&$LagarosiphonmajorCRBS05I%#KochiascopariaCRBS05D" IsatistinctoriaCRBS05D#!HypochaerisradicataCRBS05D'%HypericumperforatumCRBS05I'%HyoscyamusnigerCRBS05D#!HydrillaverticulataCRBS05I'%HieraciumpratenseCRBS05D%#HieraciumaurantiacumCRBS05D(&HeracleummantegazzianumCRBS05D+)!EuphorbiaesulaCRBS05D" EquisetumtelmateiaCRBS05I&$EquisetumarvenseCRBS05D$"EichhorniaazureaCRBS05D$"EgeriadensaCRBS05I2Ni8p<  n =  M  V ( e 2  j 0  h7k; sDQ]&[-k; l> 3XanthiumspinosumCRBS06D$"2VerbascumthapsusCRBS06D$"1UlexeuropaeusCRBS06D! 0TribulusterrestrisCRBS06D&$/TanacetumvulgareCRBS06D$".Taeniatherumcaput-medusaeCRBS06D-+#-SorghumhalepenseCRBS06D$",SonchusarvensisCRBS06D#!+SolanumrostratumCRBS06D$"*SolanumdulcamaraCRBS06D$")SilybummarianumCRBS06D#!(SeneciojacobaeaCRBS06D#!'SecalecerealeCRBS06D!&SalviaaethiopisCRBS06I#!%PotentillarectaCRBS06I#!$PennisetumpedicellatumCRBS06D*( #PennisetummacrourumCRBS06D'%"PennisetumclandestinumCRBS06D*( !PanicummiliaceumCRBS06D$" Orobanchespp.CRBS06D!OnopordumacanthiumCRBS06D&$NardusstrictaCRBS06D!MirabilisnyctagineaCRBS06D'%MatricariamaritimaCRBS06D&$LychnisalbaCRBS06DLinariavulgarisCRBS06D#!LinariadalmaticaCRBS06I$"LepidiumlatifoliumCRBS06D&$KochiascopariaCRBS06D" IsatistinctoriaCRBS06I#!HypochaerisradicataCRBS06D'%HypericumperforatumCRBS06D'%HyoscyamusnigerCRBS06D#!HibiscustrionumCRBS06D#!HemizoniapungensCRBS06D$"HypericumperforatumCRBS11D'%HieraciumpratenseCRBS11D%#HieraciumaurantiacumCRBS11D(& EquisetumarvenseCRBS11D$" CynoglossumofficinaleCRBS11D)' ConvolvulusarvensisCRBS11D'% CirsiumvulgareCRBS11D"  CirsiumarvenseCRBS11D" ChrysanthemumleucanthemumCRBS11D-+#ChondrillajunceaCRBS11D$"CentaureavirgataCRBS11D$"CentaureasolstitialisCRBS11D)'CentaurearepensCRBS11D#!CentaureapratensisCRBS11D&$CentaureamaculosaCRBS11D%#CentaureadiffusaCRBS11D$"CarduusnutansCRBS11D!CardariapubescensCRBS11D%#CardariadrabaCRBS11D!BromustectorumCRBS11D" ArtemisiaabsinthiumCRBS11D'%AgropyronrepensCRBS11D#!SonchusarvensisCRBS10D#!HalogetonglomeratusCRBS06D'%GypsophilapaniculataCRBS06D(&EuphorbiaesulaCRBS06D" EquisetumarvenseCRBS06D$"EchiumvulgareCRBS06D!DaucuscarotaCRBS06D CytisusscopariusCRBS06D$"CytisusmonspessulanusCRBS06D)'CyperusesculentusCRBS06D%#CynoglossumofficinaleCRBS06D)'CrupinavulgarisCRBS06D#!ConvolvulusarvensisCRBS06D'%ConiummaculatumCRBS06D#!CirsiumvulgareCRBS06D" CirsiumarvenseCRBS06I" ChrysanthemumleucanthemumCRBS06D-+#ChondrillajunceaCRBS06D$"CentaureavirgataCRBS06D$"CentaureasolstitialisCRBS06I)'CentaurearepensCRBS06D#!Oi<Q Y ! ] ' \ - f :  k >  O V&[,l;n6r>zCtBSecalecerealeCRBS07D!RubusmoluccanusCRBS07D#! RubusfruiticosusCRBS07D$" RorippasylvestrisCRBS07D%#~PotentillarectaCRBS07I#!}PolygonumcuspidatumCRBS07D'%|PennisetumpedicellatumCRBS07D*( {PennisetummacrourumCRBS07D'%zPennisetumclandestinumCRBS07D*( yPaspalumscrobiculatumCRBS07D)'xPanicummiliaceumCRBS07D$"wOryzarufipogonCRBS07D"  vOryzapunctataCRBS07D! uOryzalongistaminataCRBS07D'% tOrobanchespp.CRBS07D!sOnopordumacanthiumCRBS07D&$rNardusstrictaCRBS07D!qMyriophyllumspicatumCRBS07D(&pMyriophyllumbrasilienseCRBS07D+)!oMonochoriavaginalisCRBS07D'%nMonochoriahastataCRBS07D%#mMirabilisnyctagineaCRBS07D'%lMatricariamaritimaCRBS07D&$kLythrumsalicariaCRBS07D$"jLychnisalbaCRBS07DiLinariavulgarisCRBS07D#!hLinariadalmaticaCRBS07D$"gLepidiumlatifoliumCRBS07D&$fKochiascopariaCRBS07D" eIsatistinctoriaCRBS07D#!dImperatacylindricaCRBS07D&$cHypochaerisradicataCRBS07D'%bHypericumperforatumCRBS07D'%aHyoscyamusnigerCRBS07D#!`HibiscustrionumCRBS07D#!_HemizoniapungensCRBS07D$"^HalogetonglomeratusCRBS07D'%]GypsophilapaniculataCRBS07D(&\EuphorbiaesulaCRBS07D" [EquisetumtelmateiaCRBS07D&$ZEquisetumarvenseCRBS07D$"YEichhorniaazureaCRBS07D$"XEgeriadensaCRBS07DWEchiumvulgareCRBS07D!VDaucuscarotaCRBS07D UCytisusscopariusCRBS07D$"TCytisusmonspessulanusCRBS07D)'SCyperusesculentusCRBS07D%#RCynoglossumofficinaleCRBS07D)'QCuscutaspp.CRBS07DPCuscutaapproximataCRBS07D&$OCrupinavulgarisCRBS07D#!NConvolvulusarvensisCRBS07D'%MConiummaculatumCRBS07D#!LCirsiumvulgareCRBS07D" KCirsiumarvenseCRBS07D" JChrysanthemumleucanthemumCRBS07D-+#IChondrillajunceaCRBS07D$"HCentaureavirgataCRBS07D$"GCentaureasolstitialisCRBS07D)'FCentaurearepensCRBS07D#!ECentaureapratensisCRBS07D&$DCentaureanigraCRBS07D" CCentaureamaculosaCRBS07D%#BCentaureajuncea x nigraCRBS07D+)!ACentaureadiffusaCRBS07D$"@CenchruslongispinusCRBS07D'%?CarduusnutansCRBS07D!>CarduusacanthoidesCRBS07D&$=CardariapubescensCRBS07D%#<CardariadrabaCRBS07D!;BryoniaalbaCRBS07D:BromustectorumCRBS07D" 9AzollapinnataCRBS07D!8ArtemisiaabsinthiumCRBS07D'%7ArctiumminusCRBS07D 6AnchusaofficinalisCRBS07D&$5AgropyronrepensCRBS07D#!4AbutilontheophrastiCRBS07D'% Oo>r? { H  V ' h :  k < r A  yEwFS'c.d2g7k;xDOrobanchespp.CRBS08D!OnopordumacanthiumCRBS08D&$NardusstrictaCRBS08D!MirabilisnyctagineaCRBS08D'%MatricariamaritimaCRBS08D&$LythrumsalicariaCRBS08D$"LyciumferocissimumCRBS08D&$LychnisalbaCRBS08DLinariavulgarisCRBS08I#!LinariadalmaticaCRBS08I$"LepyrodiclisholosteoidesCRBS08D,*"LepidiumlatifoliumCRBS08D&$KochiascopariaCRBS08D" IsatistinctoriaCRBS08I#!ImperatacylindricaCRBS08D&$HypochaerisradicataCRBS08I'%HypericumperforatumCRBS08I'%HyoscyamusnigerCRBS08D#!HieraciumpratenseCRBS08D%#HieraciumaurantiacumCRBS08D(&HibiscustrionumCRBS08D#!HemizoniapungensCRBS08D$"HalogetonglomeratusCRBS08D'%GypsophilapaniculataCRBS08I(&EuphorbiaesulaCRBS08D" EuphorbiadentataCRBS08D$"EquisetumtelmateiaCRBS08D&$EquisetumarvenseCRBS08I$"EmexspinosaCRBS08D EchiumvulgareCRBS08D!DigitariavelutinaCRBS08D%#DigitariascalarumCRBS08D%#DigitariaabyssinicaCRBS08D'%DaucuscarotaCRBS08I CytisusscopariusCRBS08I$"CytisusmonspessulanusCRBS08D)'CyperusesculentusCRBS08D%#CynoglossumofficinaleCRBS08D)'CrupinavulgarisCRBS08D#!ConvolvulusarvensisCRBS08I'%ConiummaculatumCRBS08I#!CirsiumvulgareCRBS08D" CirsiumarvenseCRBS08D" ChrysanthemumleucanthemumCRBS08D-+#ChondrillajunceaCRBS08I$"CentaureavirgataCRBS08I$"CentaureasolstitialisCRBS08I)'CentaurearepensCRBS08D#!CentaureapratensisCRBS08I&$CentaureanigraCRBS08D" CentaureamaculosaCRBS08D%#Centaureajuncea x nigraCRBS08D+)!CentaureadiffusaCRBS08D$"CenchruslongispinusCRBS08D'%CarduusnutansCRBS08D!CarduusacanthoidesCRBS08D&$CardariapubescensCRBS08I%#CardariadrabaCRBS08I!BryoniaalbaCRBS08DBromustectorumCRBS08I" AvenasterilisCRBS08D! ArtemisiaabsinthiumCRBS08I'%ArctiumminusCRBS08I AnchusaofficinalisCRBS08D&$AgropyronrepensCRBS08I#!AegilopscylindricaCRBS08D&$AbutilontheophrastiCRBS08D'%XanthiumspinosumCRBS07D$"VerbascumthapsusCRBS07D$"UlexeuropaeusCRBS07D! TribulusterrestrisCRBS07D&$TanacetumvulgareCRBS07D$"Taeniatherumcaput-medusaeCRBS07D-+#SorghumhalepenseCRBS07D$"SonchusarvensisCRBS07D#!SolanumrostratumCRBS07D$"SolanumdulcamaraCRBS07D$"SilybummarianumCRBS07D#!SeneciojacobaeaCRBS07D#!1Nd-`- j : w C w F  U ) j 8  n=uA RR"Z%]&f6i9 CirsiumvulgareCRBS10D" CirsiumarvenseCRBS10D" AgropyronrepensCRBS10D#!XanthiumspinosumCRBS09D$"VerbascumthapsusCRBS09D$"TanacetumvulgareCRBS09D$"Taeniatherumcaput-medusaeCRBS09D-+#SonchusarvensisCRBS09D#!SolanumrostratumCRBS09D$"SolanumdulcamaraCRBS09D$"SeneciojacobaeaCRBS09D#!SecalecerealeCRBS09D!SagittariasagittifoliaCRBS09D*( RorippasylvestrisCRBS09D%#PotentillarectaCRBS09D#!PolygonumcuspidatumCRBS09D'%OtteliaalismoidesCRBS09D%#MyriophyllumspicatumCRBS09D(& MyriophyllumbrasilienseCRBS09D+)! MatricariamaritimaCRBS09D&$ LythrumsalicariaCRBS09D$" LychnisalbaCRBS09D LinariavulgarisCRBS09D#!LinariadalmaticaCRBS09D$"LagarosiphonmajorCRBS09D%#HypericumperforatumCRBS09D'%HydrillaverticulataCRBS09D'%HieraciumaurantiacumCRBS09D(&EuphorbiaesulaCRBS09D" EgeriadensaCRBS09DDaucuscarotaCRBS09D CytisusscopariusCRBS09D$"CynoglossumofficinaleCRBS09D)'ConvolvulusarvensisCRBS09D'%ConiummaculatumCRBS09D#!CirsiumvulgareCRBS09D" CirsiumarvenseCRBS09D" ChrysanthemumleucanthemumCRBS09D-+#ChondrillajunceaCRBS09D$"CentaureavirgataCRBS09D$"CentaureasolstitialisCRBS09D)'CentaurearepensCRBS09D#!CentaureapratensisCRBS09D&$CentaureamaculosaCRBS09D%#CentaureadiffusaCRBS09D$"CarduusnutansCRBS09D!CardariapubescensCRBS09D%#CardariadrabaCRBS09D!BryoniaalbaCRBS09DBromustectorumCRBS09D" ArtemisiaabsinthiumCRBS09D'%ArctiumminusCRBS09D AgropyronrepensCRBS09D#!XanthiumspinosumCRBS08D$"VerbascumthapsusCRBS08I$"UlexeuropaeusCRBS08D! TribulusterrestrisCRBS08I&$TanacetumvulgareCRBS08I$"Taeniatherumcaput-medusaeCRBS08D-+#SphaerophysasalsulaCRBS08D'%SorghumhalepenseCRBS08D$"SonchusarvensisCRBS08D#!SolanumrostratumCRBS08D$"SolanumdulcamaraCRBS08D$"SilybummarianumCRBS08I#!Setariapallide-fuscaCRBS08D(&SeneciojacobaeaCRBS08I#!SecalecerealeCRBS08D!SalviaaethiopisCRBS08D#!SalsolavermiculataCRBS08D&$ProboscidealouisianicaCRBS08D*( PotentillarectaCRBS08I#!PolygonumcuspidatumCRBS08D'%PicrishieracoidesCRBS08D%#PennisetumpedicellatumCRBS08D*( PennisetummacrourumCRBS08D'%PennisetumclandestinumCRBS08D*( PanicummiliaceumCRBS08D$"Oi9 zI } J  T ! ] .  o A v > zDuFMW%g8f6g7pAnLinariavulgarisCRBS19I#!mLinariadalmaticaCRBS19I$"lLepidiumlatifoliumCRBS19D&$kLamiumhybridumCRBS19D" jKochiascopariaCRBS19I" iIsatistinctoriaCRBS19D#!hHypochaerisradicataCRBS19I'%gHypericumperforatumCRBS19D'%fHyoscyamusnigerCRBS19D#!eHygrophilapolyspermaCRBS19D(&dHieraciumpratenseCRBS19D%#cHieraciumpilosellaCRBS19D&$bHieraciumaurantiacumCRBS19D(&aHibiscustrionumCRBS19D#!`HeracleummantegazzianumCRBS19D+)!_HemizoniapungensCRBS19D$"^HalogetonglomeratusCRBS19D'%]GypsophilapaniculataCRBS19D(&\EuphorbiaesulaCRBS19I" [EquisetumtelmateiaCRBS19D&$ZEquisetumarvenseCRBS19D$"YEgeriadensaCRBS19DXEchiumvulgareCRBS19D!WDigitariavelutinaCRBS19D%#VDigitariascalarumCRBS19D%#UDigitariaabyssinicaCRBS19D'%TDaucuscarotaCRBS19I SCytisusscopariusCRBS19I$"RCyperusesculentusCRBS19D%#QCynoglossumofficinaleCRBS19D)'PCrupinavulgarisCRBS19D#!OConvolvulusarvensisCRBS19I'%NConiummaculatumCRBS19I#!MCirsiumvulgareCRBS19D" LCirsiumarvenseCRBS19I" KChrysanthemumleucanthemumCRBS19I-+#JChondrillajunceaCRBS19D$"IChaenorrhinumminusCRBS19D&$HCentaureavirgataCRBS19D$"GCentaureasolstitialisCRBS19I)'FCentaurearepensCRBS19I#!ECentaureapratensisCRBS19I&$DCentaureanigraCRBS19D" CCentaureamaculosaCRBS19I%#BCentaureajuncea x nigraCRBS19D+)!ACentaureaibericaCRBS19D$"@CentaureadiffusaCRBS19I$"?CentaureacalcitrapaCRBS19D'%>CarduuspycnocephalusCRBS19D(&=CarduusnutansCRBS19D!<CarduusacanthoidesCRBS19D&$;CardariapubescensCRBS19I%#:CardariadrabaCRBS19I!9BryoniaalbaCRBS19I8BromustectorumCRBS19I" 7ArtemisiaabsinthiumCRBS19I'%6ArctiumminusCRBS19I 5AnchusaofficinalisCRBS19D&$4AgropyronrepensCRBS19I#!3AegilopscylindricaCRBS19D&$2AbutilontheophrastiCRBS19D'%1ZygophyllumfabagoCRBS13D%#0XanthiumspinosumCRBS13D$"/VerbascumthapsusCRBS13I$".UlexeuropaeusCRBS13D! -TribulusterrestrisCRBS13D&$,TanacetumvulgareCRBS13D$"+Taeniatherumcaput-medusaeCRBS13D-+#*SorghumhalepenseCRBS13D$")SonchusarvensisCRBS13D#!(SolanumrostratumCRBS13D$"'SolanumdulcamaraCRBS13D$"&SilybummarianumCRBS13D#!%SeneciojacobaeaCRBS13D#!$SecalecerealeCRBS13D!#SalviaaethiopisCRBS13I#!"LinariadalmaticaCRBS10D$"!HieraciumaurantiacumCRBS10D(& EquisetumarvenseCRBS10D$"Op= n=  q A  H  T i 7  q 9  qA o@}JX*i5l: rCRMyriophyllumbrasilienseCRBS12D+)!MirabilisnyctagineaCRBS12D'%MatricariamaritimaCRBS12D&$LythrumsalicariaCRBS12D$"LychnisalbaCRBS12DLinariavulgarisCRBS12D#!LinariadalmaticaCRBS12D$"LepidiumlatifoliumCRBS12I&$KochiascopariaCRBS12D" IsatistinctoriaCRBS12I#!HypochaerisradicataCRBS12D'%HypericumperforatumCRBS12D'%HyoscyamusnigerCRBS12D#!HieraciumpratenseCRBS12I%#HieraciumaurantiacumCRBS12I(&HibiscustrionumCRBS12D#!HemizoniapungensCRBS12D$"HelianthusciliarisCRBS12D&$HalogetonglomeratusCRBS12D'%GypsophilapaniculataCRBS12D(&EuphorbiaesulaCRBS12D" EquisetumarvenseCRBS12D$"EgeriadensaCRBS12DEchiumvulgareCRBS12D!DaucuscarotaCRBS12D CytisusscopariusCRBS12D$"CyperusesculentusCRBS12D%#CynoglossumofficinaleCRBS12D)'Cuscutaspp.CRBS12DCuscutaapproximataCRBS12D&$CrupinavulgarisCRBS12D#!ConvolvulusarvensisCRBS12I'%ConiummaculatumCRBS12D#!CirsiumvulgareCRBS12D" CirsiumarvenseCRBS12D" ChrysanthemumleucanthemumCRBS12D-+#ChondrillajunceaCRBS12I$"CentaureavirgataCRBS12D$"CentaureasolstitialisCRBS12D)'CentaurearepensCRBS12D#!CentaureapratensisCRBS12D&$CentaureanigrescensCRBS12D'%CentaureanigraCRBS12D" CentaureamaculosaCRBS12D%#Centaureajuncea x nigraCRBS12D+)!CentaureadiffusaCRBS12D$"CenchruslongispinusCRBS12D'%CarduusnutansCRBS12D!CarduusacanthoidesCRBS12D&$CardariapubescensCRBS12I%#CardariadrabaCRBS12I!BryoniaalbaCRBS12DBromustectorumCRBS12D" AvenasterilisCRBS12D! ArtemisiaabsinthiumCRBS12D'%ArctiumminusCRBS12D AnchusaofficinalisCRBS12D&$AgropyronrepensCRBS12I#!AegilopscylindricaCRBS12D&$VerbascumthapsusCRBS11D$"Taeniatherumcaput-medusaeCRBS11D-+#SonchusarvensisCRBS11D#!SecalecerealeCRBS11D!~PotentillarectaCRBS11D#!}LythrumsalicariaCRBS11D$"|LinariavulgarisCRBS11D#!{LinariadalmaticaCRBS11D$"zProboscidealouisianicaCRBS19D*( yPotentillarectaCRBS19I#!xPolygonumcuspidatumCRBS19D'%wPanicummiliaceumCRBS19I$"vNardusstrictaCRBS19D!uMyriophyllumspicatumCRBS19D(&tMyriophyllumbrasilienseCRBS19D+)!sMirabilisnyctagineaCRBS19D'%rMatricariamaritimaCRBS19D&$qLythrumsalicariaCRBS19D$"pLyciumferocissimumCRBS19D&$oLychnisalbaCRBS19D4Nj9qA  z J  { M  O ! _ / c 0  rCP}O!LU!j8r:v@VChondrillajunceaCRBS13D$"UCentaureavirgataCRBS13D$"TCentaureasolstitialisCRBS13I)'SCentaurearepensCRBS13D#!RCentaureapratensisCRBS13D&$QCentaureanigraCRBS13D" PCentaureamaculosaCRBS13I%#OCentaureajuncea x nigraCRBS13D+)!NCentaureadiffusaCRBS13D$"MCenchruslongispinusCRBS13D'%LCarduusnutansCRBS13I!KCarduusacanthoidesCRBS13D&$JCardariapubescensCRBS13D%#ICardariadrabaCRBS13D!HBryoniaalbaCRBS13DGBromustectorumCRBS13I" FAvenasterilisCRBS13D! EArtemisiaabsinthiumCRBS13D'%DArctiumminusCRBS13D CAnchusaofficinalisCRBS13D&$BAgropyronrepensCRBS13I#!AAegilopscylindricaCRBS13D&$@AbutilontheophrastiCRBS13D'%1SalsolavermiculataCRBS12D&$.PennisetumpedicellatumCRBS12D*( -PennisetummacrourumCRBS12D'%,PennisetumclandestinumCRBS12D*( 'NardusstrictaCRBS12D!%MiliumvernaleCRBS12D! LepyrodiclisholosteoidesCRBS12D,*"LeptochloachinensisCRBS20D'%LagarosiphonmajorCRBS20I%#HydrillaverticulataCRBS20I'%HieraciumpratenseCRBS20D%#EquisetumtelmateiaCRBS20D&$EquisetumarvenseCRBS20I$"EichhorniaazureaCRBS20I$"EgeriadensaCRBS20ICirsiumarvenseCRBS20D" AzollapinnataCRBS20D!XanthiumspinosumCRBS19D$"VerbascumthapsusCRBS19D$"UlexeuropaeusCRBS19D! TribulusterrestrisCRBS19I&$TorilisarvensisCRBS19D#!TanacetumvulgareCRBS19D$" Taeniatherumcaput-medusaeCRBS19D-+# SorghumhalepenseCRBS19D$" SonchusarvensisCRBS19D#! SolanumrostratumCRBS19D$" SolanumdulcamaraCRBS19I$"SilybummarianumCRBS19D#!SeneciojacobaeaCRBS19D#!SecalecerealeCRBS19I!RorippasylvestrisCRBS19D%#CytisusmonspessulanusCRBS12D)'AbutilontheophrastiCRBS12D'%XanthiumspinosumCRBS12D$"VerbascumthapsusCRBS12D$"UlexeuropaeusCRBS12D! 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RubusfruiticosusSRM421D$" RorippasylvestrisSRM421D%#PotentillarectaSRM421D#!PolygonumcuspidatumSRM421D'%PanicummiliaceumSRM421D$"OtteliaalismoidesSRM421D%#Orobanchespp.SRM421D!OnopordumacanthiumSRM421D&$MyriophyllumspicatumSRM421D(&MyriophyllumbrasilienseSRM421D+)!MonochoriavaginalisSRM421D'%MonochoriahastataSRM421D%#MatricariamaritimaSRM421D&$LythrumsalicariaSRM421D$"LychnisalbaSRM421DLinariavulgarisSRM421D#!LinariadalmaticaSRM421D$"LimnophilasessilifloraSRM421D*( LepidiumlatifoliumSRM421D&$LagarosiphonmajorSRM421D%#KochiascopariaSRM421D" IsatistinctoriaSRM421I#!HypochaerisradicataSRM421D'%HypericumperforatumSRM421D'%HyoscyamusnigerSRM421D#!HydrillaverticulataSRM421D'%HieraciumpratenseSRM421D%#HieraciumaurantiacumSRM421D(&HemizoniapungensSRM421D$"HalogetonglomeratusSRM421D'%EuphorbiaesulaSRM421D" EquisetumtelmateiaSRM421D&$EquisetumarvenseSRM421D$"EichhorniaazureaSRM421D$"EgeriadensaSRM421DDaucuscarotaSRM421D CytisusscopariusSRM421D$"CynoglossumofficinaleSRM421D)'CuscutaapproximataSRM421D&$CrupinavulgarisSRM421D#!ConvolvulusarvensisSRM421D'%ConiummaculatumSRM421D#!CirsiumvulgareSRM421D" CirsiumarvenseSRM421D" ChrysanthemumleucanthemumSRM421D-+#ChondrillajunceaSRM421D$"CentaureavirgataSRM421D$"CentaureasolstitialisSRM421D)'CentaurearepensSRM421D#!CentaureapratensisSRM421D&$CentaureamaculosaSRM421D%#CentaureadiffusaSRM421D$"CenchruslongispinusSRM421D'%CarduusnutansSRM421D!CarduusacanthoidesSRM421D&$CardariapubescensSRM421D%#CardariadrabaSRM421D!BryoniaalbaSRM421DBromustectorumSRM421D" AzollapinnataSRM421D!ArtemisiaabsinthiumSRM421D'%ArctiumminusSRM421D AgropyronrepensSRM421D#!AbutilontheophrastiSRM421D'%SphaerophysasalsulaSRM414D'%SorghumhalepenseSRM414D$"SalsolavermiculataSRM414D&$#On= }O U $ \ - h 5  l > { K  yJX'd*m< tEQ!X*e/Q CirsiumarvenseSRM106D" P CentaureavirgataSRM106D$"O CentaureasolstitialisSRM106D)'N CentaurearepensSRM106D#!M CentaureamaculosaSRM106D%#L CentaureadiffusaSRM106D$"K CardariapubescensSRM106D%#J CardariadrabaSRM106D!I BromustectorumSRM106D" H Taeniatherumcaput-medusaeSRM105D-+#G SonchusarvensisSRM105D#!F PotentillarectaSRM105D#!E LinariavulgarisSRM105D#!D LinariadalmaticaSRM105D$"C IsatistinctoriaSRM105D#!B HalogetonglomeratusSRM105D'%A EuphorbiaesulaSRM105D" @ CrupinavulgarisSRM105D#!? CirsiumvulgareSRM105D" > CirsiumarvenseSRM105D" = CentaureavirgataSRM105D$"< CentaureasolstitialisSRM105D)'; CentaureamaculosaSRM105D%#: CentaureadiffusaSRM105D$"9 CarduusnutansSRM105D!8 CardariapubescensSRM105D%#7 CardariadrabaSRM105D!6 BromustectorumSRM105I" ( Taeniatherumcaput-medusaeSRM102D-+#' SonchusarvensisSRM102D#!& PotentillarectaSRM102I#!% OnopordumacanthiumSRM102D&$$ LinariavulgarisSRM102D#!# LinariadalmaticaSRM102D$"" IsatistinctoriaSRM102D#!! HalogetonglomeratusSRM102D'% EuphorbiaesulaSRM102I"  CrupinavulgarisSRM102D#! CirsiumvulgareSRM102I"  CirsiumarvenseSRM102I"  ChrysanthemumleucanthemumSRM102D-+# ChondrillajunceaSRM102D$" CentaureavirgataSRM102D$" CentaureasolstitialisSRM102D)' CentaurearepensSRM102D#! CentaureamaculosaSRM102I%# CentaureadiffusaSRM102D$" CarduusnutansSRM102I! CardariapubescensSRM102D%# CardariadrabaSRM102D! BromustectorumSRM102I"  Taeniatherumcaput-medusaeSRM101D-+# SonchusarvensisSRM101D#! PotentillarectaSRM101I#! OnopordumacanthiumSRM101D&$ LinariavulgarisSRM101D#! LinariadalmaticaSRM101D$" IsatistinctoriaSRM101I#! HalogetonglomeratusSRM101D'% EuphorbiaesulaSRM101D"  CrupinavulgarisSRM101D#! CirsiumvulgareSRM101D"  CirsiumarvenseSRM101D"  ChrysanthemumleucanthemumSRM101D-+# ChondrillajunceaSRM101D$" CentaureavirgataSRM101D$" CentaureasolstitialisSRM101D)' CentaurearepensSRM101D#! CentaureamaculosaSRM101D%#CentaureadiffusaSRM101D$"CarduusnutansSRM101D!CardariapubescensSRM101D%#CardariadrabaSRM101D!BromustectorumSRM101I" XanthiumspinosumSRM421D$"VerbascumthapsusSRM421D$"UlexeuropaeusSRM421D! TribulusterrestrisSRM421D&$TanacetumvulgareSRM421D$"On> tF M  ^ * i / r <  s C  zLY#\'e5j9 r@vET#G OnopordumacanthiumSRM408D&$F LinariavulgarisSRM408D#!E LinariadalmaticaSRM408D$"D IsatistinctoriaSRM408I#!C HalogetonglomeratusSRM408D'%B EuphorbiaesulaSRM408D" A CirsiumvulgareSRM408D" @ CirsiumarvenseSRM408D" ? 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