Troublesome Weeds of the West: M-Z

Malta starthistle
(Centaurea melitensis)

Species Identification and Characteristics

• California Encycloweedia Fact Sheet
• Texas Invasives Fact Sheet
• University of Arizona Cooperative Extension Fact Sheet

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Meadow hawkweed
(Hieracium caespitosum)

Also Known As: yellow hawkweed

Species Identification and Characteristics

• Alberta Invasive Plants Council Fact Sheet (PDF)
• Hawkweed Identification: Montana State University Extension (PDF)
• Montana Weed Control Association Fact Sheet
• Invasive.org Images and Overview

Management and Control Resources

• Orange Hawkweed and Meadow Hawkweed Complex: Montana State University Extension (PDF)
• Ecology and Management of Invasive Hawkweeds: Montana Department of Agriculture (PDF)
• USDA Forest Service Species Information

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Meadow knapweed
(Centaurea pratensis, C. x moncktonii)

Species Identification and Characteristics

• The Centaurea Pages
• Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheet (PDF)
• Identification of Knapweeds and Starthistles in the Pacific Northwest: Pacific Northwest Extension (PDF)
• Selected Knapweeds of Washington: Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board (PDF)
• WeedsBC Fact Sheet (PDF)

Management and Control Resources

• Watch Out for Knapweed Bulletin: Montana State University Extension (PDF)

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Mediterranean sage
(Salvia aethiopis)

Also Known As: African sage

Species Identification and Characteristics

• California Encycloweedia Fact Sheet
• Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheet (PDF)
• Invasive.org Images and Overview

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Medusahead
(Taeniatherum caput-medusae)

Also Known As: medusarye

Species Identification and Characteristics

• Alberta Invasive Plants Council Fact Sheet (PDF)
• BugwoodWiki
• California Encycloweedia Fact Sheet
• Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheet (PDF)
• Invasive.org Images and Overview

Management and Control Resources

• Medusahead: Economic Impact and Control in Nevada: University of Nevada Cooperative Extension (PDF)
• USDA Forest Service Species Information

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Musk thistle
(Carduus nutans)

Also Known As: nodding thistle, nodding plumeless thistle

Species Identification and Characteristics

• Alberta Invasive Plants Council Fact Sheet (PDF)
• BugwoodWiki
• Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheet (PDF)
• Invasive.org Images and Overview
• Plant Conservation Alliance Fact Sheet
• Texas Invasives Fact Sheet
• USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet (PDF)

Management and Control Resources

• Management Information from Colorado State University Extension
• USDA Forest Service Species Information

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Orange hawkweed
(Hieracium aurantiacum)

Also Known As: orange paintbrush, devil's weed, missionary weed, devil's paintbrush

Species Identification and Characteristics

• Alberta Invasive Plants Council Fact Sheet (PDF)
• Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheet (PDF)
• Invasive.org Images and Overview
• Montana Weed Control Association Fact Sheet
• WeedsBC Fact Sheet (PDF)

Management and Control Resources

• Ecology and Management of Invasive Hawkweeds: Montana Department of Agriculture (PDF)
• Orange Hawkweed and Meadow Hawkweed Complex: Montana State University Extension (PDF)
• USDA Forest Service Species Information

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Oxeye daisy
(Chrysanthemum leucanthemum, Leucanthemum vulgare)

Species Identification and Characteristics

• Alberta Invasive Plants Council Fact Sheet (PDF)
• Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheet (PDF)
• Invasive.org Images and Overview
• Montana Weed Control Association Fact Sheet
• Texas Invasives Fact Sheet
• USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet (PDF)
• WeedsBC Fact Sheet (PDF)

Management and Control Resources

• Identification, Biology, and Integrated Management of Oxeye Daisy: Montana State University Extension (PDF)

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Perennial pepperweed
(Lepidium latifolium)

Also Known As: tall whitetop, broadleaved peppergrass, giant whiteweed, ironweed, Virginia pepperweed

Species Identification and Characteristics

• Alberta Invasive Plants Council Fact Sheet (PDF)
• BugwoodWiki
• CIPM Perennial Pepperweed Weed Model
• CIPM Perennial Pepperweed Weed ID Card
• Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheet (PDF)
• Invasive.org Images and Overview
• Montana Weed Control Association Fact Sheet
• Texas Invasives Fact Sheet
• USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet (PDF)
• WeedsBC Fact Sheet (PDF)

Management and Control Resources

• Ecology and Management of Perennial Pepperweed: Montana Department of Agriculture (PDF)
• Perennial Pepperweed MontGuide: Montana State University Extension (PDF)
• USDA Forest Service Species Information

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Perennial sowthistle
(Sonchus arvensis)

Also Known As: creeping sowthistle, gutweed, field milk thistle, field sowthistle

Species Identification and Characteristics

• Alberta Invasive Plants Council Fact Sheet (PDF)
• Invasive.org Images and Overview
• WeedsBC Fact Sheet (PDF)

Management and Control Resources

• Managing Perennial Sowthistle: University of Nevada Cooperative Extension (PDF)
• Management and Control Information from the US Geological Survey
• USDA Forest Service Species Information

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Phragmites
(Phragmites australis)

Also Known As: common reed

Species Identification and Characteristics

• BugwoodWiki
• Distinguishing Native and Exotic Forms of Common Reed in the US: Plant Conservation Alliance (PDF)
• Invasive.org Images and Overview
• Invasive Phragmites: What Is It and What Can We Do? (VIDEO)
• Plant Conservation Alliance Fact Sheet
• USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet (PDF)

Management and Control Resources

• Best Management Practices: King County Noxious Weed Control Program (PDF)
• Cornell University's Phragmites Diagnostic Service
• USDA Forest Service Species Information

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Plumeless thistle
(Carduus acanthoides)

Also Known As: spiny plumeless thistle, bristly thistle

Species Identification and Characteristics

• California Encycloweedia Fact Sheet
• Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheet (PDF)
• Invasive.org Images and Overview
• WeedsBC Fact Sheet (PDF)

Management and Control Resources

• Biology and Control Information from the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources
• Perennial and Biennial Thistle Control: North Dakota State University Extension (PDF)

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Poison hemlock
(Conium maculatum)

Also Known As: deadly hemlock, poison parsley, poison fool's parsley

Species Identification and Characteristics

• BugwoodWiki
• Invasive.org Images and Overview
• Texas Invasives Fact Sheet
• San Francisco Peaks Weed Management Area Fact Sheet (PDF)
• USDA Agricultural Research Service Impacts
• USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet (PDF)
• WeedsBC Fact Sheet (PDF)

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Puncturevine
(Tribulus terrestris)

Also Known As: goathead, bullhead, Mexican sandbur, Texas sandbur

Species Identification and Characteristics

• California Encycloweedia Fact Sheet
• Invasive.org Images and Overview
• Texas Invasives Fact Sheet
• WeedsBC Fact Sheet (PDF)

Management and Control Resources

• Identification and Management of Puncturevine: University of Nevada Cooperative Extension (PDF)

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Purple loosestrife
(Lythrum salicaria)

Also Known As: purple lythrum, rainbow weed, spiked loosestrife

Species Identification and Characteristics

• Alberta invasive Plants Council Fact Sheet (PDF)
• BugwoodWiki
• CIPM Purple Loosestrife Weed Model
• CIPM Purple Loosestrife Weed ID Card
• Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheet (PDF)
• Invasive.org Images and Overview
• Montana Weed Control Association Fact Sheet
• Plant Conservation Alliance Fact Sheet
• Texas Invasives Fact Sheet
• USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet (PDF)
• WeedsBC Fact Sheet (PDF)

Management and Control Resources

• Ecology and Management of Purple Loosestrife: Montana Department of Agriculture (PDF)
• USDA Forest Service Species Information

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Quackgrass
(Agropyron repens, Elymus repens, Elytrigia repens)

Also Known As: creeping wild rye, couch grass, dog grass, quitch, twitch

Species Identification and Characteristics

• BugwoodWiki
• Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheet (PDF)
• Invasive.org Images and Overview
• USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet (PDF)
• USDA Forest Service Species Information
• WeedsBC Fact Sheet (PDF)

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Rush skeletonweed
(Chondrilla juncea)

Also Known As: skeletonweed, hogbite

Species Identification and Characteristics

• Invasive.org Images and Overview
• Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheet (PDF)
• Montana Weed Control Association Fact Sheet
• USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet (PDF)
• WeedsBC Fact Sheet (PDF)

Management and Control Resources

• Ecology and Management of Rush Skeletonweed: Montana Department of Agriculture (PDF)
• Species Information from the Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board
• USDA Forest Service Species Information

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Russian knapweed
(Acroptilon repens, Centaurea repens)

Also Known As: mountain bluet, Turkestan thistle

Species Identification and Characteristics

• Alberta Invasive Plants Council Fact Sheet (PDF)
• BugwoodWiki
• The Centaurea Pages
• Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheet (PDF)
• Identification of Knapweeds and Starthistles in the Pacific Northwest: Pacific Northwest Extension (PDF)
• Invasive.org Images and Overview
• Know Your Knapweeds: North Dakota State University (PDF)
• Montana Weed Control Association Fact Sheet
• San Francisco Peaks Weed Management Area Fact Sheet (PDF)
• Texas Invasives Fact Sheet
• WeedsBC Fact Sheet (PDF)

Management and Control Resources

• Ecology and Management of Russian Knapweed: Montana Department of Agriculture (PDF)
• Selected Knapweeds of Washington: Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board (PDF)
• Watch Out for Knapweed Bulletin: Montana State University Extension (PDF)

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Russian olive
(Elaeagnus angustifolia)

Also Known As: oleaster

Species Identification and Characteristics

• BugwoodWiki
• Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheet (PDF)
• Invasive.org Images and Overview
• Plant Conservation Alliance Fact Sheet (PDF)
• Texas Invasives Fact Sheet
• USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet (PDF)

Management and Control Resources

• Best Management Practices for Montana, Russian Olive and Saltcedar: Montana Department of Agriculture (PDF)

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Saharan mustard
(Brassica tournefortii)

Also Known As: African mustard

Species Identification and Characteristics

• Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum Fact Sheet
• Invasive.org Images

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Saltcedar complex
(Tamarix spp.)

Also Known As: tamarisk

Species Identification and Characteristics

• Alberta Invasive Plants Council Fact Sheet (PDF)
• BugwoodWiki
• CIPM Saltcedar Weed Model
• CIPM Saltcedar Weed ID Card
• Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheet (PDF)
• Invasive.org Images and Overview
• Montana Weed Control Association Fact Sheet
• Plant Conservation Alliance Fact Sheet
• Texas Invasives Fact Sheet
• USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet (PDF)

Management and Control Resources

• Best Management Practices for Montana, Russian Olive and Saltcedar: Montana Department of Agriculture (PDF)
• CIPM 2006 Tamarisk Research Conference Abstracts and Presentations (PDF)
• Saltcedar MontGuide: Montana State University Extension (PDF)
• USDA Forest Service Species Information
• Watch Out for Saltcedar Bulletin: Montana State University Extension (PDF)

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Scentless chamomile
(Tripleurospermum perforatum, Matricaria perforata)

Also Known As: false chamomile

Species Identification and Characteristics

• Alberta Invasive Plants Council Fact Sheet (PDF)
• BugwoodWiki
• Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheet (PDF)
• Invasive.org Images
• WeedsBC Fact Sheet (PDF)

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Scotch broom
(Cytisus scoparius)

Species Identification and Characteristics

• BugwoodWiki
• Invasive.org Images and Overview
• Montana State University Extension Fact Sheet (PDF)
• Montana Weed Control Association Fact Sheet
• The Nature Conservancy Canada Fact Sheet (PDF)
• USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet (PDF)

Management and Control Resources

• Biology, Ecology, and Management of Scotch Broom: Montana State University Extension (PDF)
• Scotch Broom: Biology and Management in the Pacific Northwest: Oregon State University Extension (PDF)
• USDA Forest Service Species Information

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Scotch thistle
(Onopordum acanthium)

Also Known As: cotton thistle, Scotch cotton thistle, heraldic thistle

Species Identification and Characteristics

• Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheet (PDF)
• Invasive.org Images and Overview
• Texas Invasives Fact Sheet
• USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet (PDF)
• WeedsBC Fact Sheet (PDF)

Management and Control Resources

• Integrated Weed Management of Scotch Thistle: University of Colorado Cooperative Extension (PDF)
• Managing Scotch Thistle: University of Nevada Cooperative Extension (PDF)

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Sericea lespedeza
(Lespedeza cuneata)

Also Known As: Chinese lespedeza, Chinese bush clover, Himalayan bush clover, hairy lespedeza

Species Identification and Characteristics

• BugwoodWiki
• Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheet (PDF)
• Invasive.org Images and Overview
• Plant Conservation Alliance Fact Sheet
• Southeast Exotic Pest Plant Council Fact Sheet
• Sericea Lespedeza: History, Characteristics, and Identification: Kansas State University Cooperative Extension (PDF)
• Texas Invasives Fact Sheet
• USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet (PDF)

Management and Control Resources

• Ecology and Management of Sericea Lespedeza: Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service (PDF)
• Sericea Lespedeza: What? Why? How? When? USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service
• USDA Forest Service Species Information

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Silverleaf nightshade
(Solanum elaeagnifolium)

Also Known As: white horsenettle, silverleaf bitter apple, tomato weed, prairie berry, desert nightshade

Species Identification and Characteristics

• California Encycloweedia Fact Sheet
• Invasive.org Images

Management and Control Resources

• Managing Silverleaf and Carolina Horsenettles: University of Nevada Cooperative Extension (PDF)

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Skeletonleaf bursage
(Ambrosia tomentosa)

Also Known As: silverleaf povertyweed

Species Identification and Characteristics

• Invasive.org Images

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Smooth cordgrass
(Spartina alterniflora)

Also Known As: spartina

Species Identification and Characteristics

• Invasive.org Images and Overview
• Plant Conservation Alliance Fact Sheet
• USDA Forest Service Species Information
• Whatcom County Noxious Weed Control Board Fact Sheet (PDF)

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Spotted knapweed
(Centaurea maculosa, C. biebersteinii)

Species Identification and Characteristics

• Alberta Invasive Plants Council Fact Sheet (PDF)
• BugwoodWiki
• The Centaurea Pages
• CIPM Spotted Knapweed Weed Model
• CIPM Spotted Knapweed Weed ID Card
• Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheet (PDF)
• Colorado State University Cooperative Extension Fact Sheet
• Getting to Know Knapweeds: USDA Forest Service
• Identification of Knapweeds and Starthistles in the Pacific Northwest: Pacific Northwest Extension (PDF)
• Invasive.org Images and Overview
• Know Your Knapweeds: North Dakota State University (PDF)
• Montana Weed Control Association Fact Sheet
• Plant Conservation Alliance Fact Sheet
• San Francisco Peaks Weed Management Area Fact Sheet (PDF)
• USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet (PDF)
• Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board Fact Sheet (PDF)
• WeedsBC Fact Sheet (PDF)

Management and Control Resources

• Ecology and Management of Spotted Knapweed: Montana Department of Agriculture (PDF)
• Spotted Knapweed Management with Herbicides: TechLine News (PDF)
• USDA Forest Service Species Information
• Watch Out for Knapweed Bulletin: Montana State University Extension (PDF)

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Squarrose knapweed
(Centaurea virgata, C. squarrosa, C. triumfettii)

Species Identification and Characteristics

• The Centaurea Pages
• Identification of Knapweeds and Starthistles in the Pacific Northwest: Pacific Northwest Extension (PDF)
• Invasive.org Images and Overview
• Intriguing World of Weeds: Weed Science Society of America
• San Francisco Peaks Weed Management Area Fact Sheet (PDF)
• WeedsBC Fact Sheet (PDF)

Management and Control Resources

• Watch Out for Knapweed Bulletin: Montana State University Extension (PDF)

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St. Johnswort
(Hypericum perforatum)

Also Known As: klamathweed, goatweed

Species Identification and Characteristics

• BugwoodWiki
• Intriguing World of Weeds: Weed Science Society of America (PDF)
• Montana Weed Control Association Fact Sheet
• San Francisco Peaks Weed Management Area Fact Sheet (PDF)
• USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet (PDF)
• WeedsBC Fact Sheet (PDF)

Management and Control Resources

• Identification, Biology, and Integrated Management of St. Johnswort: Montana State University Extension (PDF)
• USDA Forest Service Species Information

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Sulfur cinquefoil
(Potentilla recta)

Also Known As: roughfruit cinquefoil

Species Identification and Characteristics

• Alberta Invasive Plants Council Fact Sheet (PDF)
• British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture and Food Fact Sheet (PDF)
• BugwoodWiki
• Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheet (PDF)
• Invasive.org Images and Overview
• Montana Weed Control Association Fact Sheet
• WeedsBC Fact Sheet (PDF)

Management and Control Resources

• Ecology and Management of Sulfur Cinquefoil: Montana Department of Agriculture (PDF)
• Identifying and Managing Sulfur Cinquefoil: University of Nevada Cooperative Extension (PDF)
• USDA Forest Service Species Information

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Syrian beancaper
(Zygophyllum fabago)

Species Identification and Characteristics

• Invasive.org Images and Overview

Management and Control Resources

• Observations on Chemical Controls of African Rue and Syrian Beancaper in Western Nevada: University of Nevada Cooperative Extension (PDF)
• Syrian Beancaper: Another New Noxious Weed Threatens Nevada: University of Nevada Cooperative Extension (PDF)

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Tansy ragwort
(Senecio jacobaea)

Also Known As: common ragwort, stinking Willie, tansy butterweed

Species Identification and Characteristics

• Alberta Invasive Plants Council Fact Sheet (PDF)
• BugwoodWiki
• Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheet (PDF)
• Impacts of Tansy Ragwort: USDA Agricultural Research Service
• Invasive.org Images and Overview
• Montana Weed Control Association Fact Sheet
• USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet (PDF)
• WeedsBC Fact Sheet (PDF)

Management and Control Resources

• Best Management Practices: King County Noxious Weed Control Program (PDF)
• Ecology and Management of Tansy Ragwort: Montana Department of Agriculture (PDF)

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Toothed spurge
(Euphorbia dentata)

Also Known As: Green poinsettia

Species Identification and Characteristics

• California Encycloweedia Fact Sheet
• Invasive.org Images

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Water hyacinth
(Eichhornia crassipes)

Also Known As: common water hyacinth

Species Identification and Characteristics

• BugwoodWiki
• Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants Fact Sheet and Control Info
• Invasive.org Images and Overview
• Texas Invasives Fact Sheet

Management and Control Resources

• General Information from the Washington Department of Ecology
• Management Information from the Washington Department of Ecology

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Whitetop
(Cardaria draba)

Also Known As: hoary cress, peppergrass, whiteweed

Species Identification and Characteristics

• Alberta Invasive Plants Council Fact Sheet (PDF)
• BugwoodWiki
• Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheet (PDF)
• Invasive.org Images and Overview
• Montana Weed Control Association Fact Sheet
• USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet (PDF)
• WeedsBC Fact Sheet (PDF)

Management and Control Resources

• Ecology and Management of Whitetop: Montana Department of Agriculture (PDF)
• Hoary Cress Consortium
• Integrated Weed Management of Hoary Cress (Whitetop): Douglas County Weed Division (PDF)
• USDA Forest Service Species Information
• Watch Out for Whitetop Bulletin: Montana State University Extension (PDF)

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Wild proso millet
(Panicum miliaceum)

Also Known As: panic millet, proso, broom-corn millet

Species Identification and Characteristics

• Invasive.org Images
• Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food, and Rural Affairs Fact Sheet
• WeedsBC Fact Sheet (PDF)

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Yellowflag iris
(Iris pseudacorus)

Also Known As: yellow iris, pale yellow iris, water flag

Species Identification and Characteristics

• Alberta Invasive Plants Council Fact Sheet (PDF)
• BugwoodWiki
• Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants Fact Sheet
• Invasive.org Images and Overview
• Montana Weed Control Association Fact Sheet
• Texas Invasives Fact Sheet
• USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet (PDF)

Management and Control Resources

• Ecology and Management of Yellowflag Iris: Montana Department of Agriculture (PDF)
• USDA Forest Service Species Information

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Yellow starthistle
(Centaurea solstitialis)

Also Known As: St. Barnaby's thistle, yellow cockspur

Species Identification and Characteristics

• Alberta Invasive Plants Council Fact Sheet (PDF)
• BugwoodWiki
• CIPM Yellow Starthistle Weed Model
• CIPM Yellow Starthistle Weed ID Card
• Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheet (PDF)
• Identification of Knapweeds and Starthistles in the Pacific Northwest: Pacific Northwest Extension (PDF)
• Invasive.org Images and Overview
• Montana State University Extension Fact Sheet (PDF)
• Montana Weed Control Association Fact Sheet
• Plant Conservation Alliance Fact Sheet
• Texas Invasives Fact Sheet
• USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet (PDF)

Management and Control Resources

• Identification, Biology, and Integrated Management of Yellow Starthistle: Montana State University Extension (PDF)
• Selected Knapweeds of Washington: Washington State Noxious Weed Control Board (PDF)
• USDA Forest Service Species Information
• Yellow Starthistle Management Guide: California Invasive Plant Council (PDF)

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Yellow toadflax
(Linaria vulgaris)

Also Known As: butter-and-eggs, wild snapdragon, common toadflax

Species Identification and Characteristics

• BugwoodWiki
• Colorado Department of Agriculture Fact Sheet (PDF)
• Invasive.org Images and Overview
• Montana Weed Control Association Fact Sheet
• Plant Conservation Alliance Fact Sheet
• USDA Forest Service Fact Sheet (PDF)
• WeedsBC Fact Sheet (PDF)

Management and Control Resources

• Biology and Management of the Toadflaxes: Colorado State University Extension (PDF)
• Ecology and Management of Yellow Toadflax: Montana Department of Agriculture (PDF)
• Managing Yellow and Dalmatian Toadflax: University of Nevada Cooperative Extension (PDF)
• USDA Forest Service Species Information
• Watch Out for Toadflax Bulletin: Montana State University Extension (PDF)

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